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Review
. 2017;4(4):361-368.
doi: 10.1007/s40473-017-0129-2. Epub 2017 Nov 8.

Microbes Tickling Your Tummy: the Importance of the Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson's Disease

Paula Perez-Pardo  1 , Mitch Hartog  1 , Johan Garssen  1   2 , Aletta D Kraneveld  1   3
Affiliations
Review

Microbes Tickling Your Tummy: the Importance of the Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson's Disease

Paula Perez-Pardo et al. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2017.

Abstract

Purpose of review: Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) are known to experience gastrointestinal dysfunction that might precede the onset of motor symptoms by several years. Evidence suggests an important role of the gut-brain axis in PD pathogenesis. These interactions might be essentially influenced by the gut microbiota. Here, we review recent findings supporting that changes in the gut microbiota composition might be a trigger for inflammation contributing to neurodegeneration in PD.

Recent findings: Recent research revealed that PD patients exhibit a pro-inflammatory microbiota profile in their intestinal tract that might increase gut permeability, allowing leakage of bacterial products and inflammatory mediators from the intestines. Evidence in literature indicates that alpha-synuclein deposition might start in the enteric nervous system by pro-inflammatory immune activity and then propagates to the CNS. Alternatively, the peripheral inflammatory response could impact the brain through systemic mechanisms.

Summary: A better understanding of the gut-brain interactions and the role of the intestinal microbiota in the regulation of immune responses might bring new insights in PD pathological progression and might lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutic approaches.

Keywords: Alpha-synuclein; Gastrointestinal dysfunction; Gut microbiota; Inflammation; Parkinson’s disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Possible pathways involved in PD pathogenesis. Changes in the gut microbiota composition might increase intestinal permeability, allowing leakage of bacterial products and inflammatory mediators from the intestines. Alpha-synuclein deposition might start in the ENS by pro-inflammatory immune activity and then propagates to the CNS. Alternatively, the peripheral inflammatory response could impact the brain through systemic mechanisms. In the brain, alpha-synuclein can activate microglia that might already been activated due to the ongoing gastrointestinal and systemic immune responses.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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