Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Dec 4;12(12):CD003054.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003054.pub4.

Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus

Bianca Hemmingsen  1 , Gabriel Gimenez-Perez, Didac Mauricio, Marta Roqué I Figuls, Maria-Inti Metzendorf, Bernd Richter
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus

Bianca Hemmingsen et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The projected rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could develop into a substantial health problem worldwide. Whether diet, physical activity or both can prevent or delay T2DM and its associated complications in at-risk people is unknown.

Objectives: To assess the effects of diet, physical activity or both on the prevention or delay of T2DM and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing T2DM.

Search methods: This is an update of the Cochrane Review published in 2008. We searched the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP Search Portal and reference lists of systematic reviews, articles and health technology assessment reports. The date of the last search of all databases was January 2017. We continuously used a MEDLINE email alert service to identify newly published studies using the same search strategy as described for MEDLINE up to September 2017.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a duration of two years or more.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methodology for data collection and analysis. We assessed the overall quality of the evidence using GRADE.

Main results: We included 12 RCTs randomising 5238 people. One trial contributed 41% of all participants. The duration of the interventions varied from two to six years. We judged none of the included trials at low risk of bias for all 'Risk of bias' domains.Eleven trials compared diet plus physical activity with standard or no treatment. Nine RCTs included participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), one RCT included participants with IGT, impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) or both, and one RCT included people with fasting glucose levels between 5.3 to 6.9 mmol/L. A total of 12 deaths occurred in 2049 participants in the diet plus physical activity groups compared with 10 in 2050 participants in the comparator groups (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.50; 95% prediction interval 0.44 to 2.88; 4099 participants, 10 trials; very low-quality evidence). The definition of T2DM incidence varied among the included trials. Altogether 315 of 2122 diet plus physical activity participants (14.8%) developed T2DM compared with 614 of 2389 comparator participants (25.7%) (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.64; 95% prediction interval 0.50 to 0.65; 4511 participants, 11 trials; moderate-quality evidence). Two trials reported serious adverse events. In one trial no adverse events occurred. In the other trial one of 51 diet plus physical activity participants compared with none of 51 comparator participants experienced a serious adverse event (low-quality evidence). Cardiovascular mortality was rarely reported (four of 1626 diet plus physical activity participants and four of 1637 comparator participants (the RR ranged between 0.94 and 3.16; 3263 participants, 7 trials; very low-quality evidence). Only one trial reported that no non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke had occurred (low-quality evidence). Two trials reported that none of the participants had experienced hypoglycaemia. One trial investigated health-related quality of life in 2144 participants and noted that a minimal important difference between intervention groups was not reached (very low-quality evidence). Three trials evaluated costs of the interventions in 2755 participants. The largest trial of these reported an analysis of costs from the health system perspective and society perspective reflecting USD 31,500 and USD 51,600 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) with diet plus physical activity, respectively (low-quality evidence). There were no data on blindness or end-stage renal disease.One trial compared a diet-only intervention with a physical-activity intervention or standard treatment. The participants had IGT. Three of 130 participants in the diet group compared with none of the 141 participants in the physical activity group died (very low-quality evidence). None of the participants died because of cardiovascular disease (very low-quality evidence). Altogether 57 of 130 diet participants (43.8%) compared with 58 of 141 physical activity participants (41.1%) group developed T2DM (very low-quality evidence). No adverse events were recorded (very low-quality evidence). There were no data on non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, blindness, end-stage renal disease, health-related quality of life or socioeconomic effects.Two trials compared physical activity with standard treatment in 397 participants. One trial included participants with IGT, the other trial included participants with IGT, IFG or both. One trial reported that none of the 141 physical activity participants compared with three of 133 control participants died. The other trial reported that three of 84 physical activity participants and one of 39 control participants died (very low-quality evidence). In one trial T2DM developed in 58 of 141 physical activity participants (41.1%) compared with 90 of 133 control participants (67.7%). In the other trial 10 of 84 physical activity participants (11.9%) compared with seven of 39 control participants (18%) developed T2DM (very low-quality evidence). Serious adverse events were rarely reported (one trial noted no events, one trial described events in three of 66 physical activity participants compared with one of 39 control participants - very low-quality evidence). Only one trial reported on cardiovascular mortality (none of 274 participants died - very low-quality evidence). Non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke were rarely observed in the one trial randomising 123 participants (very low-quality evidence). One trial reported that none of the participants in the trial experienced hypoglycaemia. One trial investigating health-related quality of life in 123 participants showed no substantial differences between intervention groups (very low-quality evidence). There were no data on blindness or socioeconomic effects.

Authors' conclusions: There is no firm evidence that diet alone or physical activity alone compared to standard treatment influences the risk of T2DM and especially its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing T2DM. However, diet plus physical activity reduces or delays the incidence of T2DM in people with IGT. Data are lacking for the effect of diet plus physical activity for people with intermediate hyperglycaemia defined by other glycaemic variables. Most RCTs did not investigate patient-important outcomes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

BH: none known.

GG: none known.

DM: has received consulting, educational activities or speaker's fees from Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, Ferrer, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Menarini, Merck Sharp Dhome, Novartis, Novonordisk and Sanofi.

MRF: none known.

MIM: none known.

BR: none known.

Figures

1
1
Trial flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies (blank cells indicate that the particular outcome was not investigated in some studies).
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study (blank cells indicate that the study did not report that particular outcome).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 2 Incidence of type 2 diabetes.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 4 Fasting plasma glucose.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 5 2 hour glucose values.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality: duration of intervention.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 3 All‐cause mortality: diagnostic criteria.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality: age.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 5 All‐cause mortality: sex.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 6 All‐cause mortality: ethnicity.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 7 All‐cause mortality: obesity.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 8 Incidence of type 2 diabetes.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 9 Incidence of type 2 diabetes: duration of the intervention.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 10 Incidence of type 2 diabetes: diagnostic criteria.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 11 Incidence of type 2 diabetes: age.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 12 Incidence of type 2 diabetes: ethnicity.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 13 Incidence of type 2 diabetes: obesity.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 14 Cardiovascular mortality.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 15 Non‐fatal stroke.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 16 Non‐serious adverse events.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 17 Amputation of lower extremity.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 18 Fasting plasma glucose.
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 19 Fasting plasma glucose: duration of intervention.
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 20 Fasting plasma glucose: diagnostic criteria.
2.21
2.21. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 21 Fasting plasma glucose: age.
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 22 Fasting plasma glucose: ethnicity.
2.23
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 23 Fasting plasma glucose: obesity.
2.24
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 24 2h plasma glucose.
2.25
2.25. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 25 2 hour plasma glucose: duration of the intervention.
2.26
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 26 2 hour plasma glucose: age.
2.27
2.27. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 27 2 hour plasma glucose: ethnicity.
2.28
2.28. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 28 2 hour plasma glucose: obesity.
2.29
2.29. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 29 Serious adverse events.
2.30
2.30. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 30 Hypoglycaemia.
2.31
2.31. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 31 HbA1c.
2.32
2.32. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 32 Non‐fatal myocardial infarction.
2.33
2.33. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 33 End‐stage renal disease.
2.34
2.34. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 34 HbA1c: duration of the intervention.
2.35
2.35. Analysis
Comparison 2 Diet plus physical activity versus comparator, Outcome 35 HbA1c: obesity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Da Qing 1997 {published data only}
    1. Chen Y, Wang J, An Y, Gong Q, He Y, Zhang B, et al. Effect of lifestyle interventions on reduction of cardiovascular disease events and its mortality in pre‐diabetic patients:long‐term follow‐up of Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2015;54(1):13‐7. [PUBMED: 25877139] - PubMed
    1. Gong Q. Both fasting and 2‐hour post load glycemic progression predicts subsequent cardiovascular events in persons with impaired glucose tolerance: long‐term follow‐up of the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study. app.core‐apps.com/tristar_ada14/abstract/e3048dedfd3d5fbcc516bc86387992ec (accessed 24 April 2017).
    1. Gong Q, Gregg EW, Wang J, An Y, Zhang P, Yang W, et al. Long‐term effects of a randomised trial of a 6‐year lifestyle intervention in impaired glucose tolerance on diabetes‐related microvascular complications: the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study. Diabetologia 2011;54(2):300‐7. [PUBMED: 21046360] - PubMed
    1. Gong Q, Zhang P, Wang J, An Y, Gregg EW, Li H, et al. Changes in mortality in people with IGT before and after the onset of diabetes during the 23‐year follow‐up of the Da Qing diabetes prevention study. Diabetes Care 2016;39(9):1550‐5. [PUBMED: 27411697] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, An Y, Gong Q, Gregg EW, et al. Cardiovascular mortality, all‐cause mortality, and diabetes incidence after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance in the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 23‐year follow‐up study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2014;2(6):474‐80. [PUBMED: 24731674] - PubMed
DPP 2002 {published data only}
    1. Diabetes Prevention Program. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00004992 (accessed 23 January 2017).
    1. Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00038727 (accessed 23 January 2017).
    1. Crandall J, Schade D, Ma Y, Fujimoto WY, Barrett‐Connor E, Fowler S, et al. The influence of age on the effects of lifestyle modification and metformin in prevention of diabetes. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2006;61(10):1075‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Diabetes Prevention Program. The 10‐year cost‐effectiveness of lifestyle intervention or metformin for diabetes prevention: an intent‐to‐treat analysis of the DPP/DPPOS. Diabetes Care 2012;35(4):723‐30. [PUBMED: 22442395] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Group. Impact of lifestyle intervention and metformin on health‐related quality of life: the diabetes prevention program randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2012;27(12):1594‐601. [PUBMED: 22692637] - PMC - PubMed
DPS 2001 {published data only}
    1. NCT00518167. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00518167 (accessed 12 January 2017).
    1. Eriksson J, Lindström J, Valle T, Aunola S, Hämäläinen H, Ilsnne‐Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type II diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) in Finland. Study design and 1‐year interim report on the feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme. Diabetologia 1999;42:793‐801. - PubMed
    1. Hamalainen H, Ronnemaa T, Virtanen A, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, et al. Improved fibrinolysis by an intensive lifestyle intervention in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetologia 2005;48(11):2248‐53. [PUBMED: 16205886] - PubMed
    1. Herder C, Peltonen M, Koenig W, Kraft I, Muller‐Scholze S, Martin S, et al. Systemic immune mediators and lifestyle changes in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: results from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes 2006;55(8):2340‐6. [PUBMED: 16873699] - PubMed
    1. Ilanne‐Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Lindstrom J, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Hamalainen H, et al. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes Care 2008;31(4):805‐7. [PUBMED: 18184907] - PubMed
EDIPS 2009 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN15670600. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN15670600 (accessed 22 March 2017).
    1. Penn L, Moffatt SM, White M. Participants' perspective on maintaining behaviour change: a qualitative study within the European Diabetes Prevention Study. BMC Public Health 2008;8:235. [PUBMED: 18616797] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Penn L, White M, Lindstrom J, Boer AT, Blaak E, Eriksson JG, et al. Importance of weight loss maintenance and risk prediction in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: analysis of European Diabetes Prevention Study RCT. PloS One 2013;8(2):e57143. [PUBMED: 23451166] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Penn L, White M, Oldroyd J, Walker M, Alberti KG, Mathers JC. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance: the European Diabetes Prevention RCT in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. BMC Public Health 2009;9:342. [PUBMED: 19758428] - PMC - PubMed
Hellgren 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hellgren MI, Jansson PA, Wedel H, Lindblad U. A lifestyle intervention in primary care prevents deterioration of insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a randomised controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2016;‐:‐. [PUBMED: 27550085] - PubMed
    1. Hellgren MI, Petzold M, Beteus‐Forslund H, Wedel H, Jansson PA, Lindblad U. Feasibility of a randomized controlled intervention with physical activity in participants with impaired glucose tolerance recruited by FINDRISC: a pilot study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2014;42(5):463‐70. [PUBMED: 24867622] - PubMed
HELP PD 2011 {published data only}
    1. Blackwell CS, Foster KA, Isom S, Katula JA, Vitolins MZ, Rosenberger EL, et al. Healthy Living Partnerships to Prevent Diabetes: recruitment and baseline characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2011;32(1):40‐9. [PUBMED: 20974289] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Katula JA, Vitolins MZ, Rosenberger EL, Blackwell C, Espeland MA, Lawlor MS, et al. Healthy Living Partnerships to Prevent Diabetes (HELP PD): design and methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010;31(1):71‐81. [PUBMED: 19758580] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Katula JA, Vitolins MZ, Rosenberger EL, Blackwell CS, Morgan TM, Lawlor MS, et al. One‐year results of a community‐based translation of the Diabetes Prevention Program: Healthy‐Living Partnerships to Prevent Diabetes (HELP PD) Project. Diabetes Care 2011;34(7):1451‐7. [PUBMED: 21593290] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lawlor MS, Blackwell CS, Isom SP, Katula JA, Vitolins MZ, Morgan TM, et al. Cost of a group translation of the Diabetes Prevention Program: healthy living partnerships to prevent diabetes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;44(4 Suppl 4):S381‐9. [PUBMED: 23498303] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00631345. Healthy living partnership to prevent diabetes (HELPPD). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00631345 (accessed 17 March 2017).
IDPP 2006 {published data only}
    1. NCT00279240. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00279240 (accessed 3 April 2017).
    1. Ramachandran A, Arun N, Shetty AS, Snehalatha C. Efficacy of primary prevention interventions when fasting and postglucose dysglycemia coexist: analysis of the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programmes (IDPP‐1 and IDPP‐2). Diabetes Care 2010;33(10):2164‐8. [PUBMED: 20519663] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, Mukesh B, Bhaskar AD, Vijay V. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP‐1). Diabetologia 2006;49:289‐97. - PubMed
    1. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, Sivasankari S, Vijay V. Metabolic syndrome does not increase the risk of conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in Asian Indians‐‐Result of Indian diabetes prevention programme. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2007;76(2):215‐8. [PUBMED: 16982107] - PubMed
    1. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Yamuna A, Mary S, Ping Z. Cost‐effectiveness of the interventions in the primary prevention of diabetes among Asian Indians. Within‐trial results of the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). Diabetes Care 2007;30:2548‐52. - PubMed
JDPP 2013 {published data only}
    1. Japan Diabetes Prevention Program. Lifestyle intervention using existing human resources on the development of type 2 diabetes. upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi‐open‐bin/ctr/ctr.cgi?function=brows&action=bro... (accessed 27 January 2017).
    1. Sakane N. Japan Diabetes Prevention Program. Nippon Rinsho 2005;63(Suppl 2):488‐92. - PubMed
    1. Sakane N, Sato J, Tsushita K, Tsujii S, Kotani K, Tominaga M, et al. Effect of baseline HbA1c level on the development of diabetes by lifestyle intervention in primary healthcare settings: insights from subanalysis of the Japan Diabetes Prevention Program. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 2014;2(1):e000003. [PUBMED: 25452854] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sakane N, Sato J, Tsushita K, Tsujii S, Kotani K, Tominaga M, et al. Effects of lifestyle intervention on weight and metabolic parameters in patients with impaired glucose tolerance related to beta‐3 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism Trp64Arg(C/T): results from the Japan Diabetes Prevention Program. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 2016;7(3):338‐42. [PUBMED: 27330719] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sakane N, Sato J, Tsushita K, Tsujii S, Kotani K, Tsuzaki K, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in a primary healthcare setting: three‐year results of lifestyle intervention in Japanese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. BMC Public Health 2011;11(1):40. [PUBMED: 21235825] - PMC - PubMed
Kosaka 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kosaka K, Noda M, Kuzuya T. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: a Japanese trial in IGT males. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2005;67:152‐62. - PubMed
Oldroyd 2005 {published data only}
    1. Oldroyd JC, Unwin NC, White M, Imrie K, Mathers JC, Alberti KGMM. Randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of behavioural interventions to modify cardiovascular risk factors in men and women with impaired glucose tolerance: outcomes at 6 months. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2001;52:29‐43. - PubMed
    1. Oldroyd JC, Unwin NC, White M, Mathers JC, Alberti KGMM. Randomised controlled trial evaluating lifestyle interventions in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2006;72:117‐27. - PubMed
PODOSA 2014 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN25729565. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN25729565 (accessed 20 March 2017).
    1. Bhopal RS, Douglas A, Wallia S, Forbes JF, Lean ME, Gill JM, et al. Effect of a lifestyle intervention on weight change in South Asian individuals in the UK at high risk of type 2 diabetes: a family‐cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 2014;2(3):218‐27. [PUBMED: 24622752] - PubMed
    1. Douglas A, Bhopal RS, Bhopal R, Forbes JF, Gill JM, McKnight J, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of the PODOSA (Prevention of Diabetes & Obesity in South Asians) trial: a cluster, randomised lifestyle intervention in Indian and Pakistani adults with impaired glycaemia at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open 2013;3(2):e002226. [PUBMED: 23435795] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Welsh P, Cezard G, Gill JM, Wallia S, Douglas A, Sheikh A, et al. Associations between weight change and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in South Asians: secondary analyses of the PODOSA trial. International Journal of Obesity 2016;40(6):1005‐11. [PUBMED: 26927315] - PMC - PubMed
SLIM 2003 {published data only}
    1. Corpeleijn E, Feskens EJ, Jansen EH, Mensink M, Saris WH, Blaak EE. Lifestyle intervention and adipokine levels in subjects at high risk for type 2 diabetes: the Study on Lifestyle intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht (SLIM). Diabetes Care 2007;30(12):3125‐7. [PUBMED: 17890316] - PubMed
    1. Corpeleijn E, Feskens EJ, Jansen EH, Mensink M, Saris WH, Bruin TW, et al. Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after lifestyle intervention are related to changes in serum fatty acid profile and desaturase activities: the SLIM study. Diabetologia 2006;49(10):2392‐401. [PUBMED: 16896932] - PubMed
    1. Mensink M, Blaak EE, Corpeleijn E, Saris WH, Bruin TW, Feskens EJ. Lifestyle intervention according to general recommendation improves glucose tolerance. Obesity Research 2003;11(12):1588‐96. - PubMed
    1. Mensink M, Corpeleijn E, Feskens EJM, Kruijshoop M, Saris WHM, Bruin TWA, et al. Study on lifestyle‐intervention and impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht (SLIM): design and screening results. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2003;61:49‐58. - PubMed
    1. Mensink M, Feskens EJ, Kruijshoop M, Bruin TW, Saris WH, Blaak EE. Subscapular skinfold thickness distinguishes between transient and persistent impaired glucose tolerance: Study on Lifestyle‐intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht (SLIM). Diabetic medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association 2003;20(7):552‐7. [PUBMED: 12823236] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

APHRODITE {published data only}
    1. Study protocol. www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1082 (accessed 3 April 2017).
    1. Vermunt PW, Milder IE, Wielaard F, Oers JA, Westert GP. An active strategy to identify individuals eligible for type 2 diabetes prevention by lifestyle intervention in Dutch primary care: the APHRODITE study. Family Practice 2010;27(3):312‐9. [PUBMED: 20089573] - PubMed
Bo 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bo S, Ciccone G, Baldi C, Benini L, Dusio F, Forastiere G, et al. Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention on metabolic syndrome. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007;22(12):1695‐703. - PMC - PubMed
D‐CLIP {published data only}
    1. Study protocol. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01283308 (accessed 17 September 2017).
    1. Weber MB, Ranjani H, Meyers GC, Mohan V, Narayan KM. A model of translational research for diabetes prevention in low and middle‐income countries: The Diabetes Community Lifestyle Improvement Program (D‐CLIP) trial. Primary Care Diabetes 2012;6(1):3‐9. [PUBMED: 21616737] - PubMed
De la Rosa 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rosa A, Fogelfeld L, Kolish J, Sanghani R, Pikelny I, Stronger JH. Detecting and managing metabolic syndrome: preliminary results. Ethnicity and Disease 2007;17(S5):24‐5.
DH!AAN {published data only}
    1. Study protocol. www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1499 (accessed 29 March 2017).
    1. Vlaar EM, Valkengoed IG, Nierkens V, Nicolaou M, Middelkoop BJ, Stronks K. Feasibility and effectiveness of a targeted diabetes prevention program for 18 to 60‐year‐old South Asian migrants: design and methods of the DH!AAN study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:371. [PUBMED: 22621376] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vlaar EM, Valkengoed IG, Nierkens V, Nicolaou M, Middelkoop BJ, Stronks K. Feasibility and effectiveness of a targeted diabetes prevention program for 18 to 60‐year‐old South Asian migrants: design and methods of the DH!AAN study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:371. [PUBMED: 22621376] - PMC - PubMed
E‐LITE {published data only}
    1. Ma J, King AC, Wilson SR, Xiao L, Stafford RS. Evaluation of lifestyle interventions to treat elevated cardiometabolic risk in primary care (E‐LITE): a randomized controlled trial. BMC Family Practice 2009;10:71. [PUBMED: 19909549] - PMC - PubMed
Eriksson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Eriksson KF, Lindgarde F. Prevention of type 2 (non‐insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise. The 6‐year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia 1991;34:891‐8. - PubMed
Eriksson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Eriksson KM, Westborg CJ, Eliasson MCE. A randomized trial of lifestyle intervention in primary healthcare for the modification of cardiovascular risk factors. The Björknäs study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2006;34:453‐61. - PubMed
Grey 2004 {published data only}
    1. Grey M, Berry D, Davidson M, Galasso P, Gustafson E, Melkus GD. Preliminary testing of a program to prevent type 2 diabetes among high risk youth. The Journal of School Health 2004;74(1):10‐5. - PubMed
Hesselink 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hesselink AE, Bilo HJ, Jonkers R, Martens M, Weerdt I, Rutten GE. A cluster‐randomized controlled trial to study the effectiveness of a protocol‐based lifestyle program to prevent type 2 diabetes in people with impaired fasting glucose. BMC Family Practice 2013;14:184. [PUBMED: 24295397] - PMC - PubMed
Huang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Huang SH, Weng KP, Hsieh KS, Ou SF, Lin CC, Chien KJ, et al. Effects of a classroom‐based weight‐control intervention on cardiovascular disease in elementary‐school obese children. Acta Paediatrica Taiwanica 2007;48:201‐6. - PubMed
Jarrett 1979 {published data only}
    1. Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Fuller JH, McCartney M. Worsening to diabetes in men with impaired glucose tolerance ("borderline diabetes"). Diabetologia 1979;16(1):25‐30. [PUBMED: 761734] - PubMed
J‐DOIT {published data only}
    1. Study protocol. upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi‐open‐bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000000798 (accessed 3 April 2017).
    1. Sakane N, Kotani K, Takahashi K, Sano Y, Tsuzaki K, Okazaki K, et al. Japan Diabetes Outcome Intervention Trial‐1 (J‐DOIT1), a nationwide cluster randomized trial of type 2 diabetes prevention by telephone‐delivered lifestyle support for high‐risk subjects detected at health checkups: rationale, design, and recruitment. BMC Public Health 2013;13:81. [PUBMED: 23356246] - PMC - PubMed
Kawahara 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kawahara T, Takahashi K, Inazu T, Arao T, Kawahara C, Tabata T, et al. Reduced progression to type 2 diabetes from impaired glucose tolerance after a 2‐day in‐hospital diabetes educational program: the Joetsu Diabetes Prevention Trial. Diabetes Care 2008;31(10):1949‐54. [PUBMED: 18591401] - PMC - PubMed
Kinmonth 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ, Hardeman W, Sutton S, Prevost AT, Fanshawe T, et al. Efficacy of a theory‐based behavioural intervention to increase physical activity in an at‐risk group in primary care (ProActive UK): a randomised trial. Lancet 2008;371:41‐8. - PubMed
Let's Prevent {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN80605705. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN80605705 (accessed 27 March 2017).
    1. NCT00677937. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00677937 (accessed 27 March 2017).
    1. Davies MJ, Gray LJ, Ahrabian D, Carey M, Farooqi A, Gray A, et al. A community‐based primary prevention programme for type 2 diabetes mellitus integrating identification and lifestyle intervention for prevention: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Programme Grants Applied Research 2017;5(2):‐. - PubMed
    1. Davies MJ, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Gray A, Tuomilehto J, Farooqi A, et al. A community based primary prevention programme for type 2 diabetes integrating identification and lifestyle intervention for prevention: the Let's Prevent Diabetes cluster randomised controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2016;84:48‐56. [PUBMED: 26740346] - PubMed
    1. Gray LJ, Khunti K, Williams S, Goldby S, Troughton J, Yates T, et al. Let's prevent diabetes: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention in a multi‐ethnic UK population with screen detected impaired glucose regulation. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2012;11:56. [PUBMED: 22607160] - PMC - PubMed
Liao 2002 {published data only}
    1. Carr DB, Utzschneider KM, Boyko EJ, Asberry PJ, Hull RL, Kodama K, et al. A reduced‐fat diet and aerobic exercise in Japanese Americans with impaired glucose tolerance decreases intra‐abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity but not beta‐cell function. Diabetes 2005;54(2):340‐7. - PubMed
    1. Liao D, Asberry PJ, Shofer JB, Callahan H, Matthys C, Boyko EJ, et al. Improvement of BMI, body composition, and body fat distribution with lifestyle modification in Japanese Americans with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 2002;25(9):1504‐10. - PubMed
Lindahl 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lindahl B, Nilsson TK, Borch‐Johnsen K, Roder ME, Soderberg S, Widman L, et al. A randomized lifestyle intervention with 5‐year follow‐up in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: pronounced short‐term impact but long‐term adherence problems. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2009;37(4):434‐42. [PUBMED: 19181821] - PubMed
    1. Lindahl B, Nilsson TK, Jansson JH, Asplund K, Hallmans G. Improved fibrinolysis by intense lifestyle intervention. A randomized trial in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Journal of Internal Medicine 1999;246:105‐12. - PubMed
Marrero 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02000024. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02000024 (accessed 10 April 2017).
    1. Marrero DG, Palmer KN, Phillips EO, Miller‐Kovach K, Foster GD, Saha CK. Comparison of commercial and self‐initiated weight loss programs in people with prediabetes: a randomized control trial. American Journal of Public Health 2016;106(5):949‐56. [PUBMED: 26890171] - PMC - PubMed
Nanditha 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nanditha A, Ram J, Snehalatha C, Selvam S, Priscilla S, Shetty AS, et al. Early improvement predicts reduced risk of incident diabetes and improved cardiovascular risk in prediabetic Asian Indian men participating in a 2‐year lifestyle intervention program. Diabetes Care 2014;37(11):3009‐15. [PUBMED: 25216506] - PubMed
NCT02250066 {published data only}
    1. NCT02250066. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02250066 (accessed 10 April 2017).
NCT02374788 {published data only}
    1. NCT02374788. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02374788 (accessed 27 March 2017).
Page 1992 {published data only}
    1. Page RC, Harnden KE, Walravens NK, Onslow C, Sutton P, Levy JC, et al. 'Healthy living' and sulphonylurea therapy have different effects on glucose tolerance and risk factors for vascular disease in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The Quarterly Journal of Medicine 1993;86(3):145‐54. [PUBMED: 8483989] - PubMed
    1. Page RCL, Harnden, Cook JTE, Turner RC. Can life‐styles of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance be changed? A feasibility study. Diabetic Medicine 1992;9:562‐6. - PubMed
PULSE {published data only}
    1. Study protocol. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=4149 (accessed 3 April 2017).
Ramachandran 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT00819455. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00819455 (accessed 10 April 2017).
    1. Ram J, Selvam S, Snehalatha C, Nanditha A, Simon M, Shetty AS, et al. Improvement in diet habits, independent of physical activity helps to reduce incident diabetes among prediabetic Asian Indian men. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2014;106(3):491‐5. [PUBMED: 25458326] - PubMed
    1. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Ram J, Selvam S, Simon M, Nanditha A, et al. Effectiveness of mobile phone messaging in prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle modification in men in India: a prospective, parallel‐group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 2013;1(3):191‐8. [PUBMED: 24622367] - PubMed
Rosas 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rosas LG, Lv N, Xiao L, Lewis MA, Zavella P, Kramer MK, et al. Evaluation of a culturally‐adapted lifestyle intervention to treat elevated cardiometabolic risk of Latino adults in primary care (Vida Sana): a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;48:30‐40. [PUBMED: 26995280] - PMC - PubMed
Saito 2011 {published data only}
    1. Study protocol. rctportal.niph.go.jp/en/detail?trial_id=UMIN000001959 (accessed 29 March 2017).
    1. Saito T, Watanabe M, Nishida J, Izumi T, Omura M, Takagi T, et al. Lifestyle modification and prevention of type 2 diabetes in overweight Japanese with impaired fasting glucose levels: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(15):1352‐60. [PUBMED: 21824948] - PubMed
Sartor 1980 {published data only}
    1. Sartor G, Schersten B, Carlstrom S, Melander A, Norden A, Persson G. Ten‐year follow‐up of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: prevention of diabetes by tolbutamide and diet regulation. Diabetes 1980;29(1):41‐9. [PUBMED: 7380107] - PubMed
Sathish 2017 {published data only}
    1. Study protocol. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12611000262909 (assessed 23 March 2017).
    1. Sathish T, Oldenburg B, Tapp RJ, Shaw JE, Wolfe R, Sajitha B, et al. Baseline characteristics of participants in the Kerala Diabetes Prevention Program: a cluster randomized controlled trial of lifestyle intervention in Asian Indians. Diabetic Medicine 2017;34(5):647‐53. [PUBMED: 27279083] - PMC - PubMed
Savoye 2007 {published data only}
    1. Savoye M, Shaw M, Dziura J, Tamborlane WV, Rose P, Guandalini C, et al. Effects of a weight management program on body composition and metabolic parameters in overweight children. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;297(24):2697‐704. - PubMed
Schmidt 2016 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Castilhos C, Wendland EM, Hallal PC, Schaan BD, et al. Lifestyle INtervention for Diabetes prevention After pregnancy (LINDA‐Brasil): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016;16:68. [PUBMED: 27029489] - PMC - PubMed
SHINE {published data only}
    1. Trief PM, Cibula D, Delahanty LM, Weinstock RS. Self‐determination theory and weight loss in a Diabetes Prevention Program translation trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2016;Epub Dec:Epub. [PUBMED: 28004335] - PubMed
Tao 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tao LL, Deng YB, Fan XB, Bao QD. Effect of exercise training in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2004;8:2912‐3.
The Fasting Hyperglycaemia Study 1997a {published data only}
    1. Dyson PA, Hammersley MS, Morris RJ, Holman RR, Turner RC. The Fasting Hyperglycaemia Study: II. Randomized controlled trial of reinforced healthy‐living advice in subjects with increased but not diabetic fasting plasma glucose. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1997;46(12 Suppl 1):50‐5. [PUBMED: 9439560] - PubMed
    1. Hammersley MS, Meyer LC, Morris RJ, Manley SE, Turner RC, Holman RR. The Fasting Hyperglycaemia Study: I. Subject identification and recruitment for a non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes prevention trial. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1997;46(12 Suppl 1):44‐9. [PUBMED: 9439559] - PubMed
    1. Karunakaran S, Hammersley MS, Morris RJ, Turner RC, Holman RR. The Fasting Hyperglycaemia Study: III. Randomized controlled trial of sulfonylurea therapy in subjects with increased but not diabetic fasting plasma glucose. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1997;46(12 Suppl 1):56‐60. [PUBMED: 9439561] - PubMed
Thompson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Thompson JL, Allen P, Helitzer DL, Qualls C, Whyte AN, Wolfe VK, et al. Reducing diabetes risk in American Indian women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008;34(3):192‐201. - PMC - PubMed
Villareal 2006 {published data only}
    1. Villareal DT, Miller III BV, Banks M, Fontana L, Sinacore DR, Klein S. Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;84:1317‐23. - PubMed
Wein 1999 {published data only}
    1. Wein P, Beischer N, Harris C, Permezel M. A trial of simple versus intensified dietary modification for prevention of progression to diabetes mellitus in women with impaired glucose tolerance. The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1999;39(2):162‐6. [PUBMED: 10755770] - PubMed
Wing 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wing RR, Venditti E, Jakicic JM, Polley BA, Lang W. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individual with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:350‐9. - PubMed
Wong 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wong CK, Fung CS, Siu SC, Lo YY, Wong KW, Fong DY, et al. A short message service (SMS) intervention to prevent diabetes in Chinese professional drivers with pre‐diabetes: a pilot single‐blinded randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2013;102(3):158‐66. [PUBMED: 24466598] - PubMed
Yates 2011 {published data only}
    1. Yates T, Davies MJ, Sehmi S, Gorely T, Khunti K. The Pre‐diabetes Risk Education and Physical Activity Recommendation and Encouragement (PREPARE) programme study: are improvements in glucose regulation sustained at 2 years?. Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association 2011;28(10):1268‐71. [PUBMED: 21672008] - PubMed
Yates 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yates T, Davies MJ, Henson J, Troughton J, Edwardson C, Gray LJ, et al. Walking away from type 2 diabetes: trial protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating a structured education programme in those at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. BMC Family Practice 2012;13:46. [PUBMED: 22642610] - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

130750‐201504‐HR‐020 {published data only}
    1. Study protocol. cris.nih.go.kr/cris/en/search/search_result_st01.jsp?seq=6480 (accessed 3 April 2017).
ChiCTR‐PRC‐13003267 {published data only}
    1. Study protocol. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=6292 (accessed 3 April 2017).
iHealth‐T2D {published data only}
    1. NCT02949739. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02949739 (accessed 3 April 2017).
NDPS {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN34805606. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN34805606?q=&filters=conditionCategory:Nutrition... (accessed 27 March 2017).
    1. Pascale M, Murray N, Bachmann M, Barton G, Clark A, Howe A, et al. Study protocol: The Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study [NDPS]: a 46 month multi ‐ centre, randomised, controlled parallel group trial of a lifestyle intervention [with or without additional support from lay lifestyle mentors with type 2 diabetes] to prevent transition to type 2 diabetes in high risk groups with non ‐ diabetic hyperglycaemia, or impaired fasting glucose. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):31. [PUBMED: 28056894] - PMC - PubMed
Zong 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zong Y, Duan P, Ding X, Si L, Liu J, Tu P. Effects of lifestyle and quantitative nutrition interventions on individuals with prediabetes. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015;95(40):3293‐6. [PUBMED: 26815351] - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

NCT01530165 {published data only}
    1. NCT01530165. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial3.aspx?trialid=NCT01530165 (first received 4 April 2017).
    1. NCT01530165. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01530165 (first received 3 April 2017).
PREVIEW {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000857707. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12613000857707 (first received 3 April 2017).
    1. NCT01777893. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01777893 (first received 3 April 2017).
    1. Fogelholm M, Larsen TM, Westerterp‐Plantenga M, MacDonald I, Martínez AJ, Handjieva‐Darlenska T, et al. PREVIEW‐Design, methods and baseline participant description of an international intervention to prevent type‐2 diabetes. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2015;67:414.
    1. Raben A, Fogelholm M, Larsen TM, Drummens M, Poppitt S, Formiguera JA, et al. PREVIEW: Prevention of diabetes through lifestyle intervention and population studies in Europe and a round the world. Over 2,000 volunteers randomized to the 3‐y RCT. Obesity Facts. Conference: 22nd Congress of the European Congress on Obesity, ECO 2015 Prague Czech Republic, 2015; Vol. 8, issue 0:126.
PROPELS {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN83465245. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN83465245 (first received 27 March 2017).
    1. Morton K, Sutton S, Hardeman W, Troughton J, Yates T, Griffin S, et al. A text‐messaging and pedometer program to promote physical activity in people at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the development of the PROPELS follow‐on support program. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2015;3(4):e105. [PUBMED: 26678750] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yates T, Griffin S, Bodicoat DH, Brierly G, Dallosso H, Davies MJ, et al. Promotion of physical activity through structured education with differing levels of ongoing support for people at high risk of type 2 diabetes (PROPELS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:289. [PUBMED: 26130075] - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

Abdul‐Ghani 2006
    1. Abdul‐Ghani MA, Jenkinson CP, Richardson DK, Tripathy D, DeFronzo RA. Insulin secretion and action in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: results from the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study. Diabetes 2006;55(5):1430‐5. [PUBMED: 16644701] - PubMed
ADA 1997
    1. American Diabetes Association. Report on the Expert Committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20(Suppl 1):S5‐20. - PubMed
ADA 2003
    1. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Follow‐up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26(11):3160‐7. - PubMed
ADA 2004
    1. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004;27(Suppl 1):s5‐s10. [DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.2007] - DOI - PubMed
ADA 2008
    1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes ‐ 2008. Diabetes Care 2008;31(Suppl 1):S12‐54. [PUBMED: 18165335] - PubMed
ADA 2010
    1. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010;33(Suppl 1):S62‐9. [PUBMED: 20042775] - PMC - PubMed
ADA 2015
    1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes ‐ 2015. Diabetes Care 2015;38(Suppl 1):S1‐93. [PUBMED: 24357209] - PubMed
ADA 2017
    1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes ‐ 2017. Diabetes Care 2017;40:(Suppl 1).
Aguiar 2014
    1. Aguiar EJ, Morgan PJ, Collins CE, Plotnikoff RC, Callister R. Efficacy of interventions that include diet, aerobic and resistance training components for type 2 diabetes prevention: a systematic review with meta‐analysis. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2014;11:2. [PUBMED: 24423095] - PMC - PubMed
Ali 2012
    1. Ali MK, Echouffo‐Tcheugui J, Williamson DF. How effective were lifestyle interventions in real‐world settings that were modelled on the Diabetes Prevention Program?. Health Affairs (Project Hope) 2012;31(1):67‐75. [PUBMED: 22232096] - PubMed
Ashra 2015
    1. Ashra NB, Spong R, Carter P, Davies MJ, Dunkley A, Gillies C, et al. A systematic review and meta‐analysis assessing the effectiveness of pragmatic lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in routine practice. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/456147... (accessed 17 March 2017).
Balk 2015
    1. Balk EM, Earley A, Raman G, Avendano EA, Pittas AG, Remington PL. Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine 2015;163(6):437‐51. [PUBMED: 26167912] - PMC - PubMed
Bell 2013
    1. Bell ML, McKenzie JE. Designing psycho‐oncology randomised trials and cluster randomised trials: variance components and intra‐cluster correlation of commonly used psychosocial measures. Psychooncology 2013;22:1738‐47. - PubMed
Borenstein 2017a
    1. Borenstein M, Higgins JP, Hedges LV, Rothstein HR. Basics of meta‐analysis: I² is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity. Research Synthesis Methods 2017;8(1):5‐18. - PubMed
Borenstein 2017b
    1. Borenstein M. Prediction intervals. www.meta‐analysis.com/prediction (accessed 3 July 2017).
Brok 2009
    1. Brok J, Thorlund K, Wetterslev J, Gluud C. Apparently conclusive meta‐analyses may be inconclusive ‐ Trial Sequential Analysis adjustment of random error risk due to repetitive testing of accumulating data in apparently conclusive neonatal meta‐analyses. International Journal of Epidemiology 2009;38(1):287‐98. [PUBMED: 18824466] - PubMed
Cardona‐Morrell 2010
    1. Cardona‐Morrell M, Rychetnik L, Morrell SL, Espinel PT, Bauman A. Reduction of diabetes risk in routine clinical practice: are physical activity and nutrition interventions feasible and are the outcomes from reference trials replicable? A systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMC Public Health 2010;10:653. [PUBMED: 21029469] - PMC - PubMed
CDC 2015
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014statisticsreport.html (accessed October 2015).
Cheng 2006
    1. Cheng C, Kushner H, Falkner BE. The utility of fasting glucose for detection of prediabetes. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2006;55(4):434‐8. [PUBMED: 16546472] - PubMed
Deeks 2011
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
DeFronzo 1989
    1. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Simonson DC. Fasting hyperglycemia in non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus: contributions of excessive hepatic glucose production and impaired tissue glucose uptake. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1989;38(4):387‐95. [PUBMED: 2657323] - PubMed
Diabetes Prevention Program 2002
    1. Knowler WC, Barrett‐Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;346(6):393‐403. [PUBMED: 11832527] - PMC - PubMed
Diabetes Prevention Program FU 2009
    1. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10‐year follow‐up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2009;374(9702):1677‐86. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61457-4; PUBMED: 19878986] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dunkley 2014
    1. Dunkley AJ, Bodicoat DH, Greaves CJ, Russell C, Yates T, Davies MJ, et al. Diabetes prevention in the real world: effectiveness of pragmatic lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and of the impact of adherence to guideline recommendations: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetes Care 2014;37(4):922‐33. [PUBMED: 24652723] - PubMed
Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group 2001
    1. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne‐Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344(18):1343‐50. [PUBMED: 11333990] - PubMed
Gillett 2012
    1. Gillett M, Royle P, Snaith A, Scotland G, Poobalan A, Imamura M, et al. Non‐pharmacological interventions to reduce the risk of diabetes in people with impaired glucose regulation: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 2012;16(33):1‐236, iii‐iv. [PUBMED: 22935084] - PMC - PubMed
Gillies 2007
    1. Gillies CL, Abrams KR, Lambert PC, Cooper NJ, Sutton AJ, Hsu RT, et al. Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ 2007;334:299. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Glechner 2015
    1. Glechner A, Harreiter J, Gartlehner G, Rohleder S, Kautzky A, Tuomilehto J, et al. Sex‐specific differences in diabetes prevention: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetologia 2015;58(2):242‐54. [PUBMED: 25465437] - PubMed
Gong 2015
    1. Gong QH, Kang JF, Ying YY, Li H, Zhang XH, Wu YH, et al. Lifestyle interventions for adults with impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects on glycemic control. Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2015;54(3):303‐10. [PUBMED: 25748739] - PubMed
Gosmanov 2014
    1. Gosmanov AR, Wan J. Low positive predictive value of hemoglobin A1c for diagnosis of prediabetes in clinical practice. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2014;348(3):191‐4. [PUBMED: 24556928] - PubMed
GRADEproGDT 2015 [Computer program]
    1. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime). GRADEproGDT. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2015.
Helmrich 1991
    1. Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 1991;325:147‐52. - PubMed
Hemmingsen 2016
    1. Hemmingsen B, Sonne DP, Metzendorf MI, Richter B. Insulin secretagogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016;10:CD012151. [PUBMED: 27749986] - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2002
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21:1539‐58. - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analysis. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2009
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Spiegelhalter DJ. A re‐evaluation of random‐effects meta‐analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 2009;172(1):137‐59. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2010
    1. Higgins JP, Whitehead A, Simmonds M. Sequential methods for random‐effects meta‐analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2011;30(9):903‐21. [PUBMED: 21190240] - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Higgins 2011a
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Hopper 2011
    1. Hopper I, Billah B, Skiba M, Krum H. Prevention of diabetes and reduction in major cardiovascular events in studies of subjects with prediabetes: meta‐analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2011;18(6):813‐23. [PUBMED: 21878448] - PubMed
Hróbjartsson 2013
    1. Hróbjartsson A, Thomsen AS, Emanuelsson F, Tendal B, Hilden J, Boutron I, et al. Observer bias in randomized clinical trials with measurement scale outcomes: a systematic review of trials with both blinded and nonblinded assessors. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2013;185(4):E201‐11. - PMC - PubMed
ICER 2016
    1. Institute for Clinical and Economic Review. Diabetes prevention programs: effectiveness and value. Final Evidence Report and Meeting Summary July 2016.
ICH 1997
    1. International Conference on Harmonisation Expert Working Group. International conference on harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use. ICH harmonised tripartite guideline. Guideline for good clinical practice //1997 CFR & ICH Guidelines. PA 19063‐2043. USA: Barnett International/PAREXEL, 1997.
IDF 2013
    1. International Diabetes Federation (IDF). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 6th Edition. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2013.
IEC 2009
    1. International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32(7):1327‐34. [PUBMED: 19502545] - PMC - PubMed
Inzucchi 2012
    1. Inzucchi SE. Clinical practice. Diagnosis of diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;367(6):542‐50. [PUBMED: 22873534] - PubMed
Kirkham 2010
    1. Kirkham JJ, Dwan KM, Altman DG, Gamble C, Dodd S, Smyth R, et al. The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ 2010;340:c365. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c365] - DOI - PubMed
Lan 1983
    1. Lan KKG, DeMets DL. Discrete sequential boundaries for clinical trials. Biometrika 1983;70:659‐63.
Liberati 2009
    1. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic and meta‐analyses of studies that evaluate interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):1‐28. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Look AHEAD 2013
    1. Look AHEAD Research Group. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2013;369(2):145‐54. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1212914] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lundh 2012
    1. Lundh A, Sismondo S, Lexchin J, Busuioc OA, Bero L. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012;Issue 12:Art. No.: MR000033. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000033.pub2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000033.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Lundh 2017
    1. Lundh A, Lexchin J, Mintzes B, Schroll JB, Bero L. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017;2:MR000033. [PUBMED: 28207928] - PMC - PubMed
Lü 2010
    1. Lü Q, Ke LQ, Tong N, Cao L, Wu T, Zhang J. Metformin for people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting blood glucose. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008558] - DOI
Manson 1992
    1. Manson JE, Nathan DM, Krolewski AS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of exercise and incidence of diabetes among U.S. male physicians. JAMA 1992;268(1):63‐7. - PubMed
Mathieu 2009
    1. Mathieu S, Boutron I, Moher D, Altman DG, Ravaud P. Comparison of registered and published primary outcomes in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2009;302:977‐84. - PubMed
Meader 2014
    1. Meader N, King K, Llewellyn A, Norman G, Brown J, Rodgers M, et al. A checklist designed to aid consistency and reproducibility of GRADE assessments: development and pilot validation. Systematic Reviews 2014;3:82. - PMC - PubMed
Merlotti 2014a
    1. Merlotti C, Morabito A, Ceriani V, Pontiroli AE. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese at‐risk subjects: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Diabetologica 2014;51(5):853‐63. [PUBMED: 25085464] - PubMed
Merlotti 2014b
    1. Merlotti C, Morabito A, Pontiroli AE. Prevention of type 2 diabetes; a systematic review and meta‐analysis of different intervention strategies. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2014;16(8):719‐27. [PUBMED: 24476122] - PubMed
Modesti 2016
    1. Modesti PA, Galanti G, Cala' P, Calabrese M. Lifestyle interventions in preventing new type 2 diabetes in Asian populations. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2016;11(3):375‐84. [PUBMED: 26475162] - PubMed
Morris 2013
    1. Morris DH, Khunti K, Achana F, Srinivasan B, Gray LJ, Davies MJ, et al. Progression rates from HbA1c 6.0‐6.4% and other prediabetes definitions to type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis. Diabetologia 2013;56(7):1489‐93. [PUBMED: 23584433] - PubMed
NDDG 1979
    1. National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979;28:1039‐57. - PubMed
Norris 2005
    1. SL Norris, X Zhang, A Avenell, E Gregg, CH Schmid, Lau J. Long‐term non‐pharmacological weight loss interventions for adults with prediabetes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005;Issue 2:CD005270. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005270] - DOI - PubMed
Penn 2013
    1. Penn L, White M, Lindstrom J, Boer AT, Blaak E, Eriksson JG, et al. Importance of weight loss maintenance and risk prediction in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: analysis of European Diabetes Prevention Study RCT. PloS One 2013;8(2):e57143. [PUBMED: 23451166] - PMC - PubMed
Pogue 1997
    1. Pogue JM, Yusuf S. Cumulating evidence from randomized trials: utilizing sequential monitoring boundaries for cumulative meta‐analysis. Controlled Clinical Trials 1997;18(6):580‐93; discussion 661‐6. [PUBMED: 9408720] - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Riley 2011
    1. Riley RD, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. Interpretation of random effects meta‐analyses. BMJ 2011;342:d549. - PubMed
Santaguida 2005
    1. Santaguida PL, Balion C, Hunt D, Morrison K, Gerstein H, Raina P, et al. Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment (Summary) 2005;128:1‐11. [PUBMED: 16194123] - PMC - PubMed
Schellenberg 2013
    1. Schellenberg ES, Dryden DM, Vandermeer B, Ha C, Korownyk C. Lifestyle interventions for patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;159(8):543‐51. [PUBMED: 24126648] - PubMed
Schünemann 2011
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Chapter 11: Presenting results and ‘Summary of findings' tables. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Selph 2015
    1. Selph S, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Patel H, Chou R. Screening for abnormal glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review to update the 2008 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews 2015; Vol. Report no.:13‐05190‐EF‐1. [PUBMED: 25973510] - PubMed
Selvin 2011
    1. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Racial differences in glycemic markers: a cross‐sectional analysis of community‐based data. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;154(5):303‐9. [PUBMED: 21357907] - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2016
    1. Smith AD, Crippa A, Woodcock J, Brage S. Physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose‐response meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetologia 2016;59(12):2527‐45. [PUBMED: 27747395] - PMC - PubMed
Sterne 2011
    1. Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta‐analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011;343:d4002. - PubMed
Stevens 2015
    1. Stevens JW, Khunti K, Harvey R, Johnson M, Preston L, Woods HB, et al. Preventing the progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults at high risk: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis of lifestyle, pharmacological and surgical interventions. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2015;107(3):320‐31. [PUBMED: 25638454] - PubMed
Viera 2011
    1. Viera AJ. Predisease: when does it make sense?. Epidemiologic Reviews 2011;33:122‐34. - PubMed
Vijan 1997
    1. Vijan S, Hofer TP, Hayward RA. Estimated benefits of glycemic control in microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;127(9):788‐95. [PUBMED: 9382399] - PubMed
Vist 2008
    1. Vist GE, Bryant D, Somerville L, Birminghem T, Oxman AD. Outcomes of patients who participate in randomized controlled trials compared to similar patients receiving similar interventions who do not participate. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) 2008;3:MR000009. [PUBMED: 18677782] - PMC - PubMed
Wetterslev 2008
    1. Wetterslev J, Thorlund K, Brok J, Gluud C. Trial Sequential Analysis may establish when firm evidence is reached in cumulative meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2008;61(1):64‐75. [PUBMED: 18083463] - PubMed
WHO 1980
    1. World Health Organization. WHO Expert Committee on diabetes mellitus. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/41399/1/WHO_TRS_646.pdf (accessed 30 November 2017).
WHO 1985
    1. World Health Organization. Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/39592/1/WHO_TRS_727.pdf (accessed 30 November 2017).
WHO 1998
    1. Alberti KM, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part I: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabetic Medicine 1998;15:539‐53. - PubMed
WHO 1999
    1. World Health Organization. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Report of a World Health Organization Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999:1‐59.
WHO/IDF 2006
    1. World Health Organization/ International Diabetes Federation. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation. www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20di... 2006; Vol. (accessed 17 March 2017).
Wong 2006a
    1. Wong SS, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. Comparison of top‐performing search strategies for detecting clinically sound treatment studies and systematic reviews in MEDLINE and Embase. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2006;94(4):451‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Wong 2006b
    1. Wong SSL, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound treatment studies in Embase. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2006;94(1):41‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Wood 2008
    1. Wood L, Egger M, Gluud LL, Schulz KF, Juni P, Altman DG, et al. Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta‐epidemiological study. BMJ 2008;336(7644):601‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Yamaoka 2005
    1. Yamaoka K, Tango T. Efficacy of lifestyle education to prevent type 2 diabetes. A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2780‐6. - PubMed
Yates 2007
    1. Yates T, Khunti K, Bull F, Gorely T, Davies MJ. The role of physical activity in the management of impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review. Diabetologia 2007;50(6):1116‐26. [PUBMED: 17415549] - PMC - PubMed
Yoon 2013
    1. Yoon U, Kwok LL, Magkidis A. Efficacy of lifestyle interventions in reducing diabetes incidence in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2013;62(2):303‐14. [PUBMED: 22959500] - PubMed
Yudkin 2014
    1. Yudkin JS, Montori VM. The epidemic of pre‐diabetes: the medicine and the politics. BMJ 2014;349:g4485. - PMC - PubMed
Yuen 2010
    1. Yuen A, Sugeng Y, Weiland TJ, Jelinek GA. Lifestyle and medication interventions for the prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus in prediabetes: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2010;34(2):172‐8. [PUBMED: 23331362] - PubMed
Zhang 2017
    1. Zhang X, Imperatore G, Thomas W, Cheng YJ, Lobelo F, Norris K, et al. Effect of lifestyle interventions on glucose regulation among adults without impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2017;123:149‐64. [PUBMED: 28024276] - PMC - PubMed
Zheng 2016
    1. Zheng L, Wu J, Wang G, Persuitte G, Ma Y, Zou L, et al. Comparison of control fasting plasma glucose of exercise‐only versus exercise‐diet among a pre‐diabetic population: a meta‐analysis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016;70(4):424‐30. [PUBMED: 26330149] - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Orozco 2008
    1. Orozco LJ, Buchleitner AM, Gimenez‐Perez G, Roque I Figuls M, Richter B, Mauricio D. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003054.pub3; PUBMED: 18646086] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types