The cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome scale

Abstract

Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS; Schmahmann's syndrome) is characterized by deficits in executive function, linguistic processing, spatial cognition, and affect regulation. Diagnosis currently relies on detailed neuropsychological testing. The aim of this study was to develop an office or bedside cognitive screen to help identify CCAS in cerebellar patients. Secondary objectives were to evaluate whether available brief tests of mental function detect cognitive impairment in cerebellar patients, whether cognitive performance is different in patients with isolated cerebellar lesions versus complex cerebrocerebellar pathology, and whether there are cognitive deficits that should raise red flags about extra-cerebellar pathology. Comprehensive standard neuropsychological tests, experimental measures and clinical rating scales were administered to 77 patients with cerebellar disease-36 isolated cerebellar degeneration or injury, and 41 complex cerebrocerebellar pathology-and to healthy matched controls. Tests that differentiated patients from controls were used to develop a screening instrument that includes the cardinal elements of CCAS. We validated this new scale in a new cohort of 39 cerebellar patients and 55 healthy controls. We confirm the defining features of CCAS using neuropsychological measures. Deficits in executive function were most pronounced for working memory, mental flexibility, and abstract reasoning. Language deficits included verb for noun generation and phonemic > semantic fluency. Visual spatial function was degraded in performance and interpretation of visual stimuli. Neuropsychiatric features included impairments in attentional control, emotional control, psychosis spectrum disorders and social skill set. From these results, we derived a 10-item scale providing total raw score, cut-offs for each test, and pass/fail criteria that determined 'possible' (one test failed), 'probable' (two tests failed), and 'definite' CCAS (three tests failed). When applied to the exploratory cohort, and administered to the validation cohort, the CCAS/Schmahmann scale identified sensitivity and selectivity, respectively as possible exploratory cohort: 85%/74%, validation cohort: 95%/78%; probable exploratory cohort: 58%/94%, validation cohort: 82%/93%; and definite exploratory cohort: 48%/100%, validation cohort: 46%/100%. In patients in the exploratory cohort, Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores were within normal range. Complex cerebrocerebellar disease patients were impaired on similarities in comparison to isolated cerebellar disease. Inability to recall words from multiple choice occurred only in patients with extra-cerebellar disease. The CCAS/Schmahmann syndrome scale is useful for expedited clinical assessment of CCAS in patients with cerebellar disorders.awx317media15678692096001.

Keywords: behaviour; cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome; cerebellum; cognition; rating scale.

Figure 1

Scatterplots of performance of patients and controls on cognitive tests in the CCAS/Schmahmann scale. Bold line indicates the threshold value (the cut-off) determining that performance is impaired. Circles = exploratory cohort, crosses = validation cohort. Y-axis represents total raw scores.

Figure 1

Scatterplots of performance of patients and controls on cognitive tests in the CCAS/Schmahmann scale. Bold line indicates the threshold value (the cut-off) determining that performance is impaired. Circles = exploratory cohort, crosses = validation cohort. Y-axis represents total raw scores.

Figure 1

Scatterplots of performance of patients and controls on cognitive tests in the CCAS/Schmahmann scale. Bold line indicates the threshold value (the cut-off) determining that performance is impaired. Circles = exploratory cohort, crosses = validation cohort. Y-axis represents total raw scores.

Figure 2

The cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome scale (Version 1A). See Supplementary material for administration and scoring instructions, and Versions 1B, 1C, and 1D that have different test items within each domain to facilitate test-rest reliability.

Figure 2

The cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome scale (Version 1A). See Supplementary material for administration and scoring instructions, and Versions 1B, 1C, and 1D that have different test items within each domain to facilitate test-rest reliability.

Figure 3

Patient performance with verbal instruction to draw a cube (left) and to copy a cube (right).