Convergence of Cancer Metabolism and Immunity: an Overview

Abstract

Cancer metabolism as a field of research was founded almost 100 years ago by Otto Warburg, who described the propensity for cancers to convert glucose to lactate despite the presence of oxygen, which in yeast diminishes glycolytic metabolism known as the Pasteur effect. In the past 20 years, the resurgence of interest in cancer metabolism provided significant insights into processes involved in maintenance metabolism of non-proliferating cells and proliferative metabolism, which is regulated by proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors in normal proliferating cells. In cancer cells, depending on the driving oncogenic event, metabolism is re-wired for nutrient import, redox homeostasis, protein quality control, and biosynthesis to support cell growth and division. In general, resting cells rely on oxidative metabolism, while proliferating cells rewire metabolism toward glycolysis, which favors many biosynthetic pathways for proliferation. Oncogenes such as MYC, BRAF, KRAS, and PI3K have been documented to rewire metabolism in favor of proliferation. These cell intrinsic mechanisms, however, are insufficient to drive tumorigenesis because immune surveillance continuously seeks to destroy neo-antigenic tumor cells. In this regard, evasion of cancer cells from immunity involves checkpoints that blunt cytotoxic T cells, which are also attenuated by the metabolic tumor microenvironment, which is rich in immuno-modulating metabolites such as lactate, 2-hydroxyglutarate, kynurenine, and the proton (low pH). As such, a full understanding of tumor metabolism requires an appreciation of the convergence of cancer cell intrinsic metabolism and that of the tumor microenvironment including stromal and immune cells.

Keywords: Cancer; Immunometabolism; Metabolism; Oncogenes; Tumor suppressor.

Fig. 1.

Diagram of central metabolic pathways involved in cell growth and proliferation. Ac-CoA: acetyl-CoA, ACYL: ATP citrate lyase, ARG: arginase 1, ASL: argininosuccinate lyase, ASS1: argininosuccinate synthase 1, CAD: carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, GLS: glutaminase, GLUD: glutamate dehydrogenase 1, GOT2: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase or aspartate aminotransferase, HK2: hexokinase 2, LDHA: lactate dehydrogenase A, PFK: phosphofructokinase, PK: pyruvate kinase, SHMT1/2: serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1/2, SLC1A5: solute carrier family 1 member 5 or sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter type 2, SLC2A1: solute carrier family 2 member 1 or glucose transporter1 (GLUT-1).