Surface characterization of titanium implant healing abutments before and after placement

Abstract

Background: Implant healing abutments (IHA) have a vital role in soft tissue healing after implant placement. Although there is thorough investigation on the implant surface, little is known about the effects potentially damaging oral conditions impose on healing abutments.

Purpose: To characterize the surface of titanium healing abutments before and after clinical placement to understand the effects of the oral environment and time on the device surface.

Materials and methods: Ten regular Straumann IHA were subjected to characterization pre and postplacement to elucidate the effects of the oral environment on device surfaces. Changes in surface crystallinity, morphology, and elemental composition were monitored with Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. In addition, corrosion rate and polarization resistance were obtained to assess electrochemical device stability after placement.

Results: Control analysis indicated the titanium oxide of IHAs was thicker than natural commercially pure titanium and had the structure of crystalline anatase. After removal, the abutments possessed large amounts of biological debris, visible scratches, and discoloration sparsely on the surface. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the titanium oxide on the surface of IHAs was structurally unchanged, with crystalline titanium dioxide still present on the surface. Electrochemical results revealed that implanted healing abutments possessed a significantly higher corrosion rate than controls (change in corrosion rate = 2.34 ± 0.58 nm/year).

Conclusions: Healing abutments were stable in the oral environment due to the chemical stability of the oxide, and were likely subjected to abrasions from unintentional loading and oral hygiene techniques.

Keywords: Raman spectroscopy; anodization; characterization; electron microscopy; healing abutment; titanium oxide.