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Review
. 2017 Dec 7;15(12):384.
doi: 10.3390/md15120384.

The Potential of Indonesian Heterobranchs Found around Bunaken Island for the Production of Bioactive Compounds

Katja M Fisch  1   2 , Cora Hertzer  3 , Nils Böhringer  4   5 , Zerlina G Wuisan  6   7 , Dorothee Schillo  8 , Robert Bara  9 , Fontje Kaligis  10 , Heike Wägele  11 , Gabriele M König  12   13 , Till F Schäberle  14   15   16
Affiliations
Review

The Potential of Indonesian Heterobranchs Found around Bunaken Island for the Production of Bioactive Compounds

Katja M Fisch et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

The species diversity of marine heterobranch sea slugs found on field trips around Bunaken Island (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) and adjacent islands of the Bunaken National Marine Park forms the basis of this review. In a survey performed in 2015, 80 species from 23 families were collected, including 17 new species. Only three of these have been investigated previously in studies from Indonesia. Combining species diversity with a former study from 2003 reveals in total 140 species from this locality. The diversity of bioactive compounds known and yet to be discovered from these organisms is summarized and related to the producer if known or suspected (might it be down the food chain, de novo synthesised from the slug or an associated bacterium). Additionally, the collection of microorganisms for the discovery of natural products of pharmacological interest from this hotspot of biodiversity that is presented here contains more than 50 species that have never been investigated before in regard to bioactive secondary metabolites. This highlights the great potential of the sea slugs and the associated microorganisms for the discovery of natural products of pharmacological interest from this hotspot of biodiversity.

Keywords: bioactivity; biodiversity; natural products; sea slug.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biologically active natural products isolated from Stylocheilus species (including indolactam V and teleocin B for structure comparison).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bioactive compounds from Cyerce species.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Caulerpenyne and related metabolites from Oxynoidae mollusk.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Bioactive compounds from Elysia species.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Thuridillins and the related epoxylactone from Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata, a green algae (Chlorophyta).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Biologically active natural products from molluscs of the Aglajidae family and the cyanobacterial pitipeptolide A.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Further biologically active natural products from molluscs of the Aglajidae family.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Bioactive metabolites from sea slugs of the Gastropteridae and Haminoidae families.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Biologically active natural products isolated from Pleurobranchus species.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Biologically active natural products isolated from molluscs of the Aegiridae family.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Bioactive metabolites from Ceratosoma species.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Bioactive metabolites from Chromodoris lochi.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Bioactive metabolites from Chromodoris aspersa.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Further bioactive metabolites from Chromodoris species.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Bioactive metabolites from Glossodoris and Doriprismatica species.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Bioactive metabolites from Goniobranchus species.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Selected bioactive metabolites from Cladobranchia species.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Bioactive metabolites from Dendrodoris species.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Bioactive metabolites from Discodoris species, ecteinascidin 743.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Kabiramides and halichodramides isolated from Hexabranchus sanguineus or its egg mass and from various sponges.
Figure 21
Figure 21
Bioactive sesquiterpenes from Phyllidia species.
Figure 22
Figure 22
Bioactive sesquiterpenes from Phyllidia varicosa.
Figure 23
Figure 23
Bioactive sesquiterpenes from Phyllidiella pustulosa.
Figure 24
Figure 24
Biologically active natural products isolated from sea slugs of the family Polyceridae.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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