The association of air pollutants and allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in chronic rhinosinusitis

Abstract

Background: There has been little investigation regarding air quality and rhinitis in the pathophysiology of upper airway disease. In this study, we assessed the impact of inhalant pollutants (particulate matter 2.5 [PM_2.5 ] and black carbon [BC]) on allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) disease severity.

Methods: CRS patients with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without polyps (CRSsNP) were identified. Spatial modeling from pollutant monitoring sites was used to estimate exposures for patients meeting the inclusion criteria (total, n = 125; CRSsNP, n = 67; CRSsNP, n = 58). Skin-prick, intradermal dilutional, and in-vitro testing methods were utilized to determine aeroallergen sensitization. Disease severity indicators were measured by modified Lund-Mackay score (LMS), the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), systemic steroid therapy, and number of functional endoscopic sinus surgeries (FESS).

Results: Thirty-six percent (n = 45) of patients who described rhinitis symptoms demonstrated no reactivity to aeroallergen testing. Sixty-four percent (n = 80) tested positive for at least 1 allergen, with no differences found between CRSsNP and CRSwNP (62.1% vs 67.2%). There were significant differences in air pollutants between patients testing negative and positive for allergies (nonallergic vs allergic: PM_2.5 , 11.32 vs 11.07 μg/m³ , p = 0.030; BC, 0.81 vs 0.76 absorbance, p =0.044). Nonallergic CRSwNP demonstrated higher PM_2.5 compared with allergic counterparts (11.48 vs 11.09 μg/m³ , p = 0.032). A similar pattern was observed with BC (0.82 vs 0.75 absorbance, p = 0.017). In CRSsNP, BC correlated significantly with SNOT-22 (r = 0.55, p = 0.042).

Conclusion: Our results suggest that small inhalant pollutants may contribute to nonallergic symptomatology in patients with and without nasal polyps. Regardless of allergy status, BC may play a role in CRS symptom severity.

Keywords: air pollutants; allergens; asthma; environmental exposure; nasal polyps; particulate matter; quality of life; rhinitis; risk factors; sinusitis.