Calcium dynamics in tomato pollen tubes using the Yellow Cameleon 3.6 sensor

Abstract

In vitro tomato pollen tubes show a cytoplasmic calcium gradient that oscillates with the same period as growth. Pollen tube growth requires coordination between the tip-focused cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_cyt) gradient and the actin cytoskeleton. This [Ca²⁺]_cyt gradient is necessary for exocytosis of small vesicles, which contributes to the delivery of new membrane and cell wall at the pollen tube tip. The mechanisms that generate and maintain this [Ca²⁺]_cyt gradient are not completely understood. Here, we studied calcium dynamics in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pollen tubes using transgenic tomato plants expressing the Yellow Cameleon 3.6 gene under the pollen-specific promoter LAT52. We use tomato as an experimental model because tomato is a Solanaceous plant that is easy to transform, and has an excellent genomic database and genetic stock center, and unlike Arabidopsis, tomato pollen is a good system to do biochemistry. We found that tomato pollen tubes showed an oscillating tip-focused [Ca²⁺]_cyt gradient with the same period as growth. Then, we used a pharmacological approach to disturb the intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis, evaluating how the [Ca²⁺]_cyt gradient, pollen germination and in vitro pollen tube growth were affected. We found that cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a drug that inhibits plant P_IIA-type Ca²⁺-ATPases, increased [Ca²⁺]_cyt in the subapical zone, leading to the disappearance of the Ca²⁺ oscillations and inhibition of pollen tube growth. In contrast, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), an inhibitor of Ca²⁺ released from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytoplasm in animals cells, completely reduced [Ca²⁺]_cyt at the tip of the tube, blocked the gradient and arrested pollen tube growth. Although both drugs have antagonistic effects on [Ca²⁺]_cyt, both inhibited pollen tube growth triggering the disappearance of the [Ca²⁺]_cyt gradient. When CPA and 2-APB were combined, their individual inhibitory effects on pollen tube growth were partially compensated. Finally, we found that GsMTx-4, a peptide from spider venom that blocks stretch-activated Ca²⁺ channels, inhibited tomato pollen germination and had a heterogeneous effect on pollen tube growth, suggesting that these channels are also involved in the maintenance of the [Ca²⁺]_cyt gradient. All these results indicate that tomato pollen tube is an excellent model to study calcium dynamics.

Keywords: Calcium ATPases; Calcium concentration gradient; Ion channels; Pollen tube growth; Solanum lycopersicum; Yellow Cameleon 3.6.