Directional probe for radio-guided surgery: A pilot study

Abstract

Purpose: The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy technique has highly evolved during the last 20 yr. Consequently, the intraoperative use of Gamma Probes (GPs) for SLN mapping is increased. This preliminary study evaluates a novel directional GP prototype. This proof-of-concept prototype is designed to identify the direction of radiopharmaceuticals uptakes, by combining the information from multiple detectors. The purpose of this work is to develop a tool able to effectively guide the surgeon reducing the surgery time.

Methods: The proposed prototype consists of three CsI(Tl) scintillation crystals, each coupled with an S10931 silicon photomultiplier (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, JP). The three detectors lie on the same plane with an angle of 30° between them. The central detector is placed as in a common GP, so it can be used to pinpoint the target tissue. Meanwhile, the lateral sensors provide a broader view of the surgical field. A dedicated data acquisition system digitizes and processes the signals from the front-end electronics. Finally, an embedded system, based on ARM processor, calculates and displays the acquired count rates. In order to assess the prototype behavior, the isosensitivity curves for the three detectors were measured. Meanwhile, for the central one, the main quality criteria measurements were also performed (i.e., sensitivity, radial sensitivity, and spatial resolution).

Results: For the central detector, the measured sensitivity at the tip of the probe is better than 5 cps/kBq. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the radial sensitivity is less than 30° and the FWHM of the lateral sensitivity (spatial resolution) is about 7.2 mm. The central detector measured isosensitivity distribution shows a narrow profile in agreement with the spatial resolution measured. On the contrary, the two lateral detectors exhibit widespread isosensitivity distributions that mean a larger field of view. The system had shown satisfactory performance and reliability, meeting the minimal requirements of gamma probe systems.

Conclusions: The prototype presented in this paper allows a rapid localization by the use of the whole system, while the sole central detector can be used to pinpoint the target source. This device, unlike common GPs, allows localizing simultaneously different areas of radiopharmaceuticals uptake, thus precisely guiding the surgeon to the region of interest. These preliminary results encourage to develop a further prototype for intraoperative validation.

Keywords: directional gamma probe; gamma ray detector; intraoperative detection; radio-guided surgery; surgical probe.