The hallmarks of cell-cell fusion

Abstract

Cell-cell fusion is essential for fertilization and organ development. Dedicated proteins known as fusogens are responsible for mediating membrane fusion. However, until recently, these proteins either remained unidentified or were poorly understood at the mechanistic level. Here, we review how fusogens surmount multiple energy barriers to mediate cell-cell fusion. We describe how early preparatory steps bring membranes to a distance of ∼10 nm, while fusogens act in the final approach between membranes. The mechanical force exerted by cell fusogens and the accompanying lipidic rearrangements constitute the hallmarks of cell-cell fusion. Finally, we discuss the relationship between viral and eukaryotic fusogens, highlight a classification scheme regrouping a superfamily of fusogens called Fusexins, and propose new questions and avenues of enquiry.

Keywords: AFF-1; Cell-cell fusion; Dengue viruses; EFF-1; Fertilization; Fusexins; Fusogen; GCS1; Gamete fusion; HAP2; Hemifusion; Influenza; Mating; Minion; Muscle; Myomaker; Myomerger; Myomixer; Organogenesis; Placenta; Pore formation; SNAREs; Syncytin; Tick-borne encephalitis; Virus-cell fusion; Zika.