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Multicenter Study
. 2018 Feb 1;178(2):188-195.
doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.7039.

Association of Emergency-Only vs Standard Hemodialysis With Mortality and Health Care Use Among Undocumented Immigrants With End-stage Renal Disease

Lilia Cervantes  1   2 , Delphine Tuot  3   4 , Rajeev Raghavan  5   6 , Stuart Linas  2   7 , Jeff Zoucha  1   2 , Lena Sweeney  4 , Chandan Vangala  6 , Madelyne Hull  1 , Mario Camacho  2 , Angela Keniston  1 , Charles E McCulloch  8 , Vanessa Grubbs  3   4 , Jessica Kendrick  2   7 , Neil R Powe  4   9
Affiliations
Multicenter Study

Association of Emergency-Only vs Standard Hemodialysis With Mortality and Health Care Use Among Undocumented Immigrants With End-stage Renal Disease

Lilia Cervantes et al. JAMA Intern Med. .

Abstract

Importance: Undocumented immigrants with end-stage renal disease have variable access to hemodialysis in the United States despite evidence-based standards for frequency of dialysis care.

Objective: To determine whether mortality and health care use differs among undocumented immigrants who receive emergency-only hemodialysis vs standard hemodialysis (3 times weekly at a health care center).

Design, setting, and participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of undocumented immigrants with incident end-stage renal disease who initiated emergency-only hemodialysis (Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, and Harris Health, Houston, Texas) or standard (Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California) hemodialysis between January 1, 2007, and July 15, 2014.

Exposures: Access to emergency-only hemodialysis vs standard hemodialysis.

Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes were health care use (acute care days and ambulatory care visits) and rates of bacteremia. Outcomes were adjusted for propensity to undergo emergency hemodialysis vs standard hemodialysis.

Results: A total of 211 undocumented patients (86 women and 125 men; mean [SD] age, 46.5 [14.6] years; 42 from the standard hemodialysis group and 169 from the emergency-only hemodialysis group) initiated hemodialysis during the study period. Patients receiving standard hemodialysis were more likely to initiate hemodialysis with an arteriovenous fistula or graft and had higher albumin and hemoglobin levels than patients receiving emergency-only hemodialysis. Adjusting for propensity score, the mean 3-year relative hazard of mortality among patients who received emergency-only hemodialysis was nearly 5-fold (hazard ratio, 4.96; 95% CI, 0.93-26.45; P = .06) greater compared with patients who received standard hemodialysis. Mean 5-year relative hazard of mortality for patients who received emergency-only hemodialysis was more than 14-fold (hazard ratio, 14.13; 95% CI, 1.24-161.00; P = .03) higher than for those who received standard hemodialysis after adjustment for propensity score. The number of acute care days for patients who received emergency-only hemodialysis was 9.81 times (95% CI, 6.27-15.35; P < .001) the expected number of days for patients who had standard hemodialysis after adjustment for propensity score. Ambulatory care visits for patients who received emergency-only hemodialysis were 0.31 (95% CI, 0.21-0.46; P < .001) times less than the expected number of days for patients who received standard hemodialysis.

Conclusions and relevance: Undocumented immigrants with end-stage renal disease treated with emergency-only hemodialysis have higher mortality and spend more days in the hospital than those receiving standard hemodialysis. States and cities should consider offering standard hemodialysis to undocumented immigrants.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Patient Flow Diagram
DH indicates Denver Health; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HH, Harris Health; and ZSFG, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Cumulative Mortality for Patients Treated With Emergency Hemodialysis vs Standard Hemodialysis
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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