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Review
. 2016 Oct;3(4):286-292.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2016.08.006. Epub 2016 Aug 30.

Metastasis in renal cell carcinoma: Biology and implications for therapy

Jun Gong  1 , Manuel Caitano Maia  2 , Nazli Dizman  3 , Ameish Govindarajan  1 , Sumanta K Pal  1
Affiliations
Review

Metastasis in renal cell carcinoma: Biology and implications for therapy

Jun Gong et al. Asian J Urol. 2016 Oct.

Abstract

Although multiple advances have been made in systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), metastatic RCC remains incurable. In the current review, we focus on the underlying biology of RCC and plausible mechanisms of metastasis. We further outline evolving strategies to combat metastasis through adjuvant therapy. Finally, we discuss clinical patterns of metastasis in RCC and how distinct systemic therapy approaches may be considered based on the anatomic location of metastasis.

Keywords: Hypoxia inducible factor; Mammalian target of rapamycin; Metastasis; Renal cell carcinoma; Vascular endothelial growth factor.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Unique considerations for sites of metastasis in mRCC. IL-2, interleukin-2; IMDC, International mRCC Database Consortium; mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma; OS, overall survival; VEGF-TKIs, VEGF-tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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