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Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Dec 22;12(12):CD007471.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub3.

Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women

Stephanie J Woodley  1 , Rhianon Boyle, June D Cody, Siv Mørkved, E Jean C Hay-Smith
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women

Stephanie J Woodley et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: About one-third of women have urinary incontinence and up to one-tenth have faecal incontinence after childbirth. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is commonly recommended during pregnancy and after birth for both prevention and treatment of incontinence.This is an update of a review previously published in 2012.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in the prevention or treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in pregnant or postnatal women.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Specialised Register (16 February 2017) and reference lists of retrieved studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials in pregnant or postnatal women. One arm of the trial included PFMT. Another arm was no PFMT, usual antenatal or postnatal care, another control condition, or an alternative PFMT intervention.

Data collection and analysis: Review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias. We extracted data and checked them for accuracy. Populations included: women who were continent (PFMT for prevention), women who were incontinent (PFMT for treatment) at randomisation and a mixed population of women who were one or the other (PFMT for prevention or treatment). We assessed quality of evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: The review included 38 trials (17 of which were new for this update) involving 9892 women from 20 countries. Overall, trials were small to moderate sized, and the PFMT programmes and control conditions varied considerably and were often poorly described. Many trials were at moderate to high risk of bias. Other than two reports of pelvic floor pain, trials reported no harmful effects of PFMT.Prevention of urinary incontinence: compared with usual care, continent pregnant women performing antenatal PFMT may have had a lower risk of reporting urinary incontinence in late pregnancy (62% less; risk ratio (RR) for incontinence 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 0.72; 6 trials, 624 women; low-quality evidence). Similarly, antenatal PFMT decreased the risk of urinary incontinence in the mid-postnatal period (more than three to six months' postpartum) (29% less; RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.95; 5 trials, 673 women; moderate-quality evidence). There was insufficient information available for the late (more than six to 12 months') postnatal period to determine effects at this time point.Treatment of urinary incontinence: it is uncertain whether antenatal PFMT in incontinent women decreases incontinence in late pregnancy compared to usual care (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.13; 3 trials, 345 women; very low-quality evidence). This uncertainty extends into the mid- (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.24; 1 trial, 187 women; very low-quality evidence) and late (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.93; 2 trials, 869 women; very low-quality evidence) postnatal periods. In postnatal women with persistent urinary incontinence, it was unclear whether PFMT reduced urinary incontinence at more than six to 12 months' postpartum (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.07; 3 trials; 696 women; very low-quality evidence).Mixed prevention and treatment approach to urinary incontinence: antenatal PFMT in women with or without urinary incontinence (mixed population) may decrease urinary incontinence risk in late pregnancy (26% less; RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.90; 9 trials, 3164 women; low-quality evidence) and the mid-postnatal period (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.97; 5 trials, 1921 women; very low-quality evidence). It is uncertain if antenatal PFMT reduces urinary incontinence risk late postpartum (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.14; 2 trials, 244 women; low-quality evidence). For PFMT begun after delivery, there was considerable uncertainty about the effect on urinary incontinence risk in the late postnatal period (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.09; 3 trials, 826 women; very low-quality evidence).Faecal incontinence: six trials reported faecal incontinence outcomes. In postnatal women with persistent faecal incontinence, it was uncertain whether PFMT reduced incontinence in the late postnatal period compared to usual care (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.94; 2 trials; 620 women; very low-quality evidence). In women with or without faecal incontinence (mixed population), antenatal PFMT led to little or no difference in the prevalence of faecal incontinence in late pregnancy (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.25; 2 trials, 867 women; moderate-quality evidence). For postnatal PFMT in a mixed population, there was considerable uncertainty about the effect on faecal incontinence in the late postnatal period (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.13 to 4.21; 1 trial, 107 women, very low-quality evidence).There was little evidence about effects on urinary or faecal incontinence beyond 12 months' postpartum. There were few incontinence-specific quality of life data and little consensus on how to measure it. We found no data on health economics outcomes.

Authors' conclusions: Targeting continent antenatal women early in pregnancy and offering a structured PFMT programme may prevent the onset of urinary incontinence in late pregnancy and postpartum. However, the cost-effectiveness of this is unknown. Population approaches (recruiting antenatal women regardless of continence status) may have a smaller effect on urinary incontinence, although the reasons for this are unclear. It is uncertain whether a population-based approach for delivering postnatal PFMT is effective in reducing urinary incontinence. Uncertainty surrounds the effects of PFMT as a treatment for urinary incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women, which contrasts with the more established effectiveness in mid-life women.It is possible that the effects of PFMT might be greater with targeted rather than mixed prevention and treatment approaches and in certain groups of women. Hypothetically, for instance, women with a high body mass index are at risk factor for urinary incontinence. Such uncertainties require further testing and data on duration of effect are also needed. The physiological and behavioural aspects of exercise programmes must be described for both PFMT and control groups and how much PFMT women in both groups do, to increase understanding of what works and for whom.Few data exist on faecal incontinence or costs and it is important that both are included in any future trials. It is essential that future trials use valid measures of incontinence-specific quality of life for both urinary and faecal incontinence.

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Conflict of interest statement

SW: none known. RB: none known. JC: none known. SM: was an investigator on two of the included trials in the review and had no role in screening, quality assessment or data extraction for these trials. JHS: none known.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA study flow diagram.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Analysis 1.1
Analysis 1.1
Comparison 1 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for prevention of incontinence, Outcome 1 Urinary incontinence in late pregnancy.
Analysis 1.2
Analysis 1.2
Comparison 1 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for prevention of incontinence, Outcome 2 Urinary incontinence early postnatal period (0‐3 months).
Analysis 1.3
Analysis 1.3
Comparison 1 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for prevention of incontinence, Outcome 3 Urinary incontinence mid‐postnatal period (> 3‐6 months).
Analysis 1.4
Analysis 1.4
Comparison 1 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for prevention of incontinence, Outcome 4 Urinary incontinence late postnatal period (> 6‐12 months).
Analysis 1.6
Analysis 1.6
Comparison 1 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for prevention of incontinence, Outcome 6 Urinary incontinence long term (> 5 years).
Analysis 1.13
Analysis 1.13
Comparison 1 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for prevention of incontinence, Outcome 13 Incontinence‐specific quality of life.
Analysis 1.15
Analysis 1.15
Comparison 1 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for prevention of incontinence, Outcome 15 Loss of urine under stress test late pregnancy.
Analysis 1.16
Analysis 1.16
Comparison 1 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for prevention of incontinence, Outcome 16 Loss of urine under stress test early postnatal period (0‐3 months).
Analysis 1.19
Analysis 1.19
Comparison 1 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for prevention of incontinence, Outcome 19 Delivery outcome: caesarean section.
Analysis 2.1
Analysis 2.1
Comparison 2 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 1 Urinary incontinence late pregnancy.
Analysis 2.2
Analysis 2.2
Comparison 2 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 2 Urinary incontinence early postnatal period (0‐3 months).
Analysis 2.3
Analysis 2.3
Comparison 2 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 3 Urinary incontinence mid‐postnatal period (> 3‐6 months).
Analysis 2.4
Analysis 2.4
Comparison 2 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 4 Urinary incontinence late postnatal period (> 6‐12 months).
Analysis 2.14
Analysis 2.14
Comparison 2 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 14 Incontinence‐specific quality of life.
Analysis 3.1
Analysis 3.1
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 1 Urinary incontinence late pregnancy.
Analysis 3.2
Analysis 3.2
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 2 Urinary incontinence early postnatal period (0‐3 months).
Analysis 3.3
Analysis 3.3
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 3 Urinary incontinence mid‐postnatal period (> 3‐6 months).
Analysis 3.4
Analysis 3.4
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 4 Urinary incontinence late postnatal period (> 6‐12 months).
Analysis 3.6
Analysis 3.6
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 6 Urinary incontinence long term (> 5 years).
Analysis 3.7
Analysis 3.7
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 7 Faecal incontinence late pregnancy.
Analysis 3.8
Analysis 3.8
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 8 Faecal incontinence early postnatal period (0‐3 months).
Analysis 3.13
Analysis 3.13
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 13 Incontinence‐specific quality of life late pregnancy.
Analysis 3.14
Analysis 3.14
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 14 Incontinence‐specific quality of life early postnatal period (0‐3 months).
Analysis 3.15
Analysis 3.15
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 15 Incontinence‐specific quality of life late postnatal period (> 6‐12 months).
Analysis 3.20
Analysis 3.20
Comparison 3 Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 20 Delivery outcome: caesarean section.
Analysis 4.3
Analysis 4.3
Comparison 4 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 3 Urinary incontinence late‐postnatal period (> 6‐12 months).
Analysis 4.5
Analysis 4.5
Comparison 4 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 5 Urinary incontinence long term (> 5‐10 years).
Analysis 4.6
Analysis 4.6
Comparison 4 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 6 Urinary incontinence very long term (> 10 years).
Analysis 4.9
Analysis 4.9
Comparison 4 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 9 Faecal incontinence late‐postnatal period (> 6‐12 months).
Analysis 4.11
Analysis 4.11
Comparison 4 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 11 Faecal incontinence long term (> 5‐10 years).
Analysis 4.12
Analysis 4.12
Comparison 4 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 12 Faecal incontinence very long term (> 10 years).
Analysis 4.13
Analysis 4.13
Comparison 4 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for treatment of incontinence, Outcome 13 Incontinence‐specific quality of life.
Analysis 5.2
Analysis 5.2
Comparison 5 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 2 Urinary incontinence mid‐postnatal period (> 3‐6 months).
Analysis 5.3
Analysis 5.3
Comparison 5 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 3 Urinary incontinence late postnatal period (> 6‐12 months).
Analysis 5.6
Analysis 5.6
Comparison 5 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 6 Faecal incontinence early postnatal period (0‐3 months).
Analysis 5.8
Analysis 5.8
Comparison 5 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 8 Faecal incontinence late‐postnatal period (> 6‐12 months).
Analysis 5.12
Analysis 5.12
Comparison 5 Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus control for (mixed) prevention or treatment of incontinence, Outcome 12 Loss of urine under stress test postpartum.
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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References to other published versions of this review

    1. Boyle R, Hay‐Smith EJC, Cody JD, Mørkved S. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hay‐Smith J, Mørkved S, Fairbrother KA, Herbison GP. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007471] - DOI - PubMed

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