Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Dec 22;12(12):CD012390.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012390.pub2.

Electrical stimulation with non-implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women

Fiona Stewart  1 , Bary Berghmans, Kari Bø, Cathryn Ma Glazener
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Electrical stimulation with non-implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women

Fiona Stewart et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Several treatment options are available for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), including pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), drug therapy and surgery. Problems exist such as adherence to PFMT regimens, side effects linked to drug therapy and the risks associated with surgery. We have evaluated an alternative treatment, electrical stimulation (ES) with non-implanted devices, which aims to improve pelvic floor muscle function to reduce involuntary urine loss.

Objectives: To assess the effects of electrical stimulation with non-implanted devices, alone or in combination with other treatment, for managing stress urinary incontinence or stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence in women. Among the outcomes examined were costs and cost-effectiveness.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Specialised Register, which contains trials identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP and handsearches of journals and conference proceedings (searched 27 February 2017). We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles and undertook separate searches to identify studies examining economic data.

Selection criteria: We included randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of ES with non-implanted devices compared with any other treatment for SUI in women. Eligible trials included adult women with SUI or stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). We excluded studies of women with urgency-predominant MUI, urgency urinary incontinence only, or incontinence associated with a neurologic condition. We would have included economic evaluations had they been conducted alongside eligible trials.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened search results, extracted data from eligible trials and assessed risk of bias, using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. We would have performed economic evaluations using the approach recommended by Cochrane Economic Methods.

Main results: We identified 56 eligible trials (3781 randomised participants). Eighteen trials did not report the primary outcomes of subjective cure, improvement of SUI or incontinence-specific quality of life (QoL). The risk of bias was generally unclear, as most trials provided little detail when reporting their methods. We assessed 25% of the included trials as being at high risk of bias for a variety of reasons, including industry funding and baseline differences between groups. We did not identify any economic evaluations.For subjective cure of SUI, we found moderate-quality evidence that ES is probably better than no active treatment (risk ratio (RR) 2.31, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.02). We found a similar result for cure or improvement of SUI (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.11), but the quality of evidence was lower. We are very uncertain if there is a difference between ES and sham treatment in terms of subjective cure because of the very low quality of evidence (RR 2.21, 95% CI 0.38 to 12.73). For subjective cure or improvement, ES may be better than sham treatment (RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.02 to 4.07). The effect estimate was 660/1000 women cured/improved with ES compared to 382/1000 with no active treatment (95% CI 538 to 805 women); and for sham treatment, 402/1000 women cured/improved with ES compared to 198/1000 with sham treatment (95% CI 202 to 805 women).Low-quality evidence suggests that there may be no difference in cure or improvement for ES versus PFMT (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.03), PFMT plus ES versus PFMT alone (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.28) or ES versus vaginal cones (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.21).Electrical stimulation probably improves incontinence-specific QoL compared to no treatment (moderate quality evidence) but there may be little or no difference between electrical stimulation and PFMT (low quality evidence). It is uncertain whether adding electrical stimulation to PFMT makes any difference in terms of quality of life, compared with PFMT alone (very low quality evidence). There may be little or no difference between electrical stimulation and vaginal cones in improving incontinence-specific QoL (low quality evidence). The impact of electrical stimulation on subjective cure/improvement and incontinence-specific QoL, compared with vaginal cones, PFMT plus vaginal cones, or drugs therapy, is uncertain (very low quality evidence).In terms of subjective cure/improvement and incontinence-specific QoL, the available evidence comparing ES versus drug therapy or PFMT plus vaginal cones was very low quality and inconclusive. Similarly, comparisons of different types of ES to each other and of ES plus surgery to surgery are also inconclusive in terms of subjective cure/improvement and incontinence-specific QoL (very low-quality evidence).Adverse effects were rare: in total nine of the women treated with ES in the trials reported an adverse effect. We identified insufficient evidence to compare the risk of adverse effects in women treated with ES compared to any other treatment. We were unable to identify any economic data.

Authors' conclusions: The current evidence base indicated that electrical stimulation is probably more effective than no active or sham treatment, but it is not possible to say whether ES is similar to PFMT or other active treatments in effectiveness or not. Overall, the quality of the evidence was too low to provide reliable results. Without sufficiently powered trials measuring clinically important outcomes, such as subjective assessment of urinary incontinence, we cannot draw robust conclusions about the overall effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of electrical stimulation for stress urinary incontinence in women.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

FS: none known. BB: none known. KB: lead author of an included trial (Bø 1999). She was not involved in extracting data or assessing risk of bias for this trial. CG: none known.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Electrical stimulation versus no active treatment, Outcome 1 Subjective cure.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Electrical stimulation versus no active treatment, Outcome 2 Subjective cure or improvement.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Electrical stimulation versus no active treatment, Outcome 3 Quality of life (higher score = worse quality of life).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Electrical stimulation versus no active treatment, Outcome 4 Pad test (g).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Electrical stimulation versus no active treatment, Outcome 5 Adverse effects.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation versus sham treatment, Outcome 1 Subjective cure.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation versus sham treatment, Outcome 2 Subjective cure or improvement.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation versus sham treatment, Outcome 3 Number of incontinence episodes per 24 h.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation versus sham treatment, Outcome 4 Number of micturitions per 24 h.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation versus sham treatment, Outcome 5 Number of pads per week.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation versus sham treatment, Outcome 6 Pad test (g).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Electrical stimulation versus sham treatment, Outcome 7 Adverse effects.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Electrical stimulation versus PFMT, Outcome 1 Subjective cure.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Electrical stimulation versus PFMT, Outcome 2 Subjective cure or improvement.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Electrical stimulation versus PFMT, Outcome 3 Adverse effects.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Electrical stimulation versus vaginal cones, Outcome 1 Subjective cure.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Electrical stimulation versus vaginal cones, Outcome 2 Subjective cure or improvement.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Electrical stimulation versus vaginal cones, Outcome 3 Quality of life (I‐QoL).
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Electrical stimulation versus vaginal cones, Outcome 4 Number of incontinence episodes per 24 h.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Electrical stimulation versus vaginal cones, Outcome 5 Pad test (g).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation versus PFMT and vaginal cones, Outcome 1 Subjective cure.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Electrical stimulation versus PFMT and vaginal cones, Outcome 2 Subjective cure or improvement.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation plus PFMT versus PFMT, Outcome 1 Subjective cure.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation plus PFMT versus PFMT, Outcome 2 Subjective cure or improvement.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation plus PFMT versus PFMT, Outcome 3 Quality of life (higher score = worse quality of life).
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation plus PFMT versus PFMT, Outcome 4 Subjective assessment (VAS).
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation plus PFMT versus PFMT, Outcome 5 Women requesting surgery at end of follow‐up.
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation plus PFMT versus PFMT, Outcome 6 Number of incontinence episodes per 24 h.
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation plus PFMT versus PFMT, Outcome 7 Number of micturitions per 24 h.
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6 Electrical stimulation plus PFMT versus PFMT, Outcome 8 Pad test (g).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012390

References

References to studies included in this review

Aaronson 1995 {published data only}
    1. Aaronson PS, Loehner D, Bingham W, Smith JJ. Intravaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress urinary incontinence and detrusor instability: a controlled study [abstract]. Journal of Urology 1995;153(4 Suppl):491A. Abstract no. 1051. [sr‐incont15469 ]
Abel 1997 {published data only}
    1. Abel I. Elektrostimulation og lokal ostrogenterapi til behandling af urininkontinens hos postmenopausale kvinder (PhD thesis). Elektrostimulation og Lokal Ostrogenterapi til Behandling af Urininkontinens hos Postmenopausale Kvinder (PhD thesis). Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, 1997:1‐73. [sr‐incont21489]
Alves 2011 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610000820000. Comparison of neuromuscular electrical stimulation procedures used in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence [A two group, single‐blind, randomised controlled study to assess the effectiveness of two intravaginal neuromuscular electrical stimulation procedures on perineal pressure and voiding in women with stress urinary incontinence]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12610000820000.aspx (first received 26 September 2010). [ACTRN12610000820000; sr‐incont645655]
    1. Alves PG, Nunes FR, Guirro EC. Comparison between two different neuromuscular electrical stimulation protocols for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia (Sao Carlos (Sao Paulo, Brazil)) 2011;15(5):393‐8. [sr‐incont42667] - PubMed
Bernardes 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bernardes NO, Peres FR, Souza ELBL, Souza OL. Methods of treatment of genuine stress incontinence: a comparative study between a pelvic floor exercise program and a pelvic floor electrical stimulation. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia 2000;22(1):49‐54. [sr‐incont 23741]
Beuttenmuller 2010 {published data only}
    1. Beuttenmuller L, Cader S A, Macena R H M, Araujo N D S, Nunes E F C, Dantas E H M. Muscle contraction of the pelvic floor and quality of life of women with stress urinary incontinence who underwent kinesitherapy. Physiotherapy (Fizjoterapia) 2010;18(1):35‐41. [sr‐incont43326]
    1. Beuttenmuller L, Cader SA, Macena RHM, Araujo NDS, Nunes EFC, Dantas EHM. Floor muscles contraction in women with stress urinary incontinence underwent to exercises and electric stimulation therapy: a randomized study. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa 2011;18(3):210‐6. [sr‐incont47117]
Bidmead 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bidmead J, Mantle J, Cardozo L, Hextall A, Boos K. Home electrical stimulation in addition to conventional pelvic floor exercises: a useful adjunct or expensive distraction? [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2002;21(4):372‐3. Abstract no. 68. [sr‐incont14546]
Bourcier 1994 {published data only}
    1. Bourcier A, Juras J. Randomised study comparing physiotherapy and pelvic floor rehabilitation [abstract]. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 24th Annual Meeting, 1994 Aug 30‐Sep 2; Prague, Czech Republic 1994:146. [sr‐incont10940]
Bridges 1988 {published data only}
    1. Bridges N, Denning J, Olah KS, Farrar DJ. A prospective trial comparing interferential therapy and treatment using cones in patients with symptoms of stress incontinence [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1988;7(3):267‐8. [sr‐incont3819]
Brubaker 1997 {published data only}
    1. Brubaker L, Benson JT, Bent A, Clark A. Transvaginal electrical stimulation is effective for treatment of detrusor overactivity. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1996;15(4):282‐3. [sr‐incont4612]
    1. Brubaker L, Benson T, Bent A, Clark A, Shott S. Transvaginal electrical stimulation for female urinary incontinence. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1997;177(3):536‐40. [sr‐incont5526] - PubMed
Bø 1999 {published data only}
    1. Bo K, Talseth T. Single blinded randomized controlled trial on the effect of pelvic floor muscle strength training, electrical stimulation, cones or control on severe genuine stress incontinence [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1998;17(4):421‐2. [sr‐incont5675]
    1. Bø K, Talseth T, Holme I. Single blind, randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. BMJ 1999; Vol. 318, issue 7182:487‐93. [sr‐incont6654] - PMC - PubMed
Castro 2008 {published data only}
    1. Castro RA, Arruda RM, Zanetti MR, Santos PD, Sartori MG, Girao MJ. Single‐blind, randomized, controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no active treatment in the management of stress urinary incontinence. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2008;63(4):465‐72. [sr‐incont27760] - PMC - PubMed
Correia 2013 {published data only}
    1. Correia GN, Pereira VS, Bastos AM, Hirakawa HS, Driusso P. Surface and intravaginal electrical stimulation versus no treatment in severity of stress urinary incontinence: Randomized controlled study [abstract]. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2013;24(Suppl 1):S23‐S24. Abstract number 23. [sr‐incont61899]
Correia 2014 {published data only}
    1. Correia G, Driusso P. Comparison of the effects of intravaginal electrical stimulation and surface electrical stimulation in women with stress urinary incontinence. http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR‐7gt9pb/ 2012. [RBR‐7gt9pb; sr‐incont64553] - PubMed
    1. Correia GN, Pereira VS, Hirakawa HS, Driusso P. Effects of surface and intravaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence: randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology 2014;173(1):113‐8. [sr‐incont49365] - PubMed
Delneri 2000 {published data only}
    1. Delneri C, Benedetto P. Pelvic floor rehabilitation. A comparison of two methods of treatment: vaginal cones versus functional electrical stimulation. Europa Medicophysica 2000;36(1):45‐8. [sr‐incont12117]
Demirturk 2008 {published data only}
    1. Demirturk F, Akbayrak T, Karakaya IC, Yuksel I, Kirdi N, Demirturk F, et al. Interferential current versus biofeedback results in urinary stress incontinence. Swiss Medical Weekly 2008;138(21‐22):317‐21. [sr‐incont27485] - PubMed
Edwards 2000 {published data only}
    1. Edwards G J, Wines H, Barrington J W. A comparison between pelvic floor exercises and pelvic floor exercises and electrical therapy with respect to urethral pressure profiles (Abstract number IDP50). International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2000;11(Suppl 1):S89. [sr‐incont11914]
Eyjolfsdottir 2009 {published data only}
    1. Eyjolfsdottir H, Ragnarsdottir M, Geirsson G. Pelvic floor muscle training with and without functional electrical stimulation as treatment for stress urinary incontinence. Laeknabladid 2009;95(9):575‐80; quiz 581. [sr‐incont34265] - PubMed
Firra 2013 {published data only}
    1. Firra J, Thompson M, Smith SS. Paradoxical findings in the treatment of predominant stress and urge incontinence: a pilot study with exercise and electrical stimulation. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy 2013;37(3):113‐23. [sr‐incont61836]
    1. Firra JC. Effects of Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Women: Exercise or Electrical Stimulation or Both [PhD thesis]. Denton, Texas: Texas Woman's University, 2008. [sr‐incont47108]
Goode 2003 {published data only}
    1. Burgio KL, Goode PS, Richter HE, Locher JL, Roth DL. Global ratings of patient satisfaction and perceptions of improvement with treatment for urinary incontinence: validation of three global patient ratings. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2006;25(5):411‐7. [sr‐incont22346] - PubMed
    1. Burgio Kathryn L, Goode Patricia S, Locher Julie L, Richter Holly E, Roth David L, Wright Kate Clark, et al. Predictors of outcome in the behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence in women. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003;102(5 (Pt 1)):940‐947. [sr‐incont17367] - PubMed
    1. Goode PS, Burgio KL, Locher JL, Roth DL, Umlauf MG, Richter HE, et al. Effect of behavioral training with or without pelvic floor electrical stimulation on stress incontinence in women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(3):345‐52. [sr‐incont16305] - PubMed
Hahn 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hahn I, Sommar S, Fall M. A comparative study of pelvic floor training and electrical stimulation for the treatment of genuine female stress urinary incontinence. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1991;10(6):545‐54. [sr‐incont2635]
Haig 1995 {published data only}
    1. Haig L, Mantle J, Versi E. Does interferential therapy (IFT) confer added benefit over a pelvic floor muscle exercise programme (PFMEP) for genuine stress incontinence (GSI)?. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 25th Annual Meeting; 1995 Oct 17‐20; Sydney, Australia 1995:36‐7. Abstract no. 111. [sr‐incont10873]
Henalla 1989 {published data only}
    1. Henalla SM, Hutchins CJ, Castleden CM. Conservative management of urethral sphincter incompetence [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1987;6(3):191‐2. [sr‐incont2689]
    1. Henalla SM, Hutchins CJ, Robinson P, MacVicar J. Non‐operative methods in the treatment of female genuine stress incontinence of urine. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;9(3):222‐5. [sr‐incont2637]
Hofbauer 1990 {published data only}
    1. Hofbauer J, Preisinger F, Nurnberger N. The value of physical therapy in genuine female stress incontinence. Zeitschrift fur Urologie und Nephrologie 1990;83(5):249‐54. [sr‐incont350] - PubMed
Huebner 2011 {published data only}
    1. Huebner M, Riegel K, Hinninghofen H, Wallwiener D, Tunn R, Reisenauer C. Pelvic floor muscle training for stress urinary incontinence: a randomized, controlled trial comparing different conservative therapies. Physiotherapy Research International 2011;16(3):133‐40. [sr‐incont60641] - PubMed
    1. Reisenauer C, Riegel K, Huebner M, Hinninghofen H, Wallwiener D, Tunn R. The effectiveness of pelvic floor exercise in patients with stress‐ urinary incontinence three‐armed prospective randomized comparison study [abstract]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 2008;68(Suppl 1):S20. [sr‐incont62355]
Jeyaseelan 1999 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN56654882. An evaluation of pelvic floor muscle exercises and electrical muscle stimulation in patients with stress incontinence: a randomised, double‐blind, controlled trial. isrctn.org/ISRCTN56654882 (first received 1 March 2001). [ISRCTN56654882; sr‐incont47894]
    1. Jeyaseelan SM. A Pilot Evaluation of a New Pattern of Electrical Muscle Stimulation as a Treatment for Genuine Stress Incontinence: a Randomised, Double Blind Controlled Trial [PhD thesis]. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1999. [sr‐incont26926]
    1. Jeyaseelan SM, Haslam EJ, Winstanley J, Roe BH, Oldham JA. An evaluation of a new pattern of electrical stimulation as a treatment for urinary stress incontinence: a randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000;14(6):631‐40. [sr‐incont11793] - PubMed
    1. Jeyaseelan SM, Haslam J, Roe B, Winstanley J, Oldham JA. The evaluation of a new pattern of electrical muscle stimulation as a treatment for genuine stress incontinence: a randomised, double‐blind, controlled trial [abstract]. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 29th Annual Meeting, 1999 Aug 23‐26; Denver, Colorado 1999:74. [Abstract no. 522; sr‐incont9914]
Jeyaseelan 2002 {published data only}
    1. Jeyaseelan S, Haslam J, Oldham J. Can the effects of pelvic floor muscle exercises be enhanced with a new pattern of electrical stimulation in women with stress incontinence? Pilot data. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 32nd Annual Meeting, 2002 Aug 28‐30; Heidelberg, Germany 2002:66‐7. Abstract no. 135. [sr‐incont14499]
Jeyaseelan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Jeyaseelan S, Oldham JA. Can the effects of pelvic floor muscle exercises be enhanced with a new pattern of electrical stimulation in women with stress incontinence. Proceedings of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT), 14th International Congress; 2003 Jun 7‐12; Barcelona. 2003:Abstract no. RR‐PL‐1818. [sr‐incont26927]
Knight 1998 {published data only}
    1. Knight S. Evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Physiotherapy 1998;84(2):61‐71.
Laycock 1988 {published data only}
    1. Laycock J. Interferential therapy in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1988;7(3):268‐9. [sr‐incont3820]
Laycock 1993a {published data only}
    1. Laycock J, Jerwood D. Does pre‐modulated interferential therapy cure genuine stress incontinence?. Physiotherapy 1993;79(8):553‐60. [sr‐incont2320]
Laycock 1993b {published data only}
    1. Laycock J, Jerwood D. Does pre‐modulated interferential therapy cure genuine stress incontinence?. Physiotherapy 1993;79(8):553‐60. [sr‐incont2320]
Lo 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lo SK, Naidu J, Cao Y. Additive effect of interferential therapy over pelvic poor exercise alone in the treatment of female urinary stress and urge incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 2003;21:37‐42. [sr‐incont19176]
Lopes 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lopes P, Levy‐Toledano R, Chiarelli P, Rimbault F, Mares P. Multicentric prospective randomized study evaluating the interest of intravaginal electro‐stimulation at home for urinary incontinence after prior perineal reeducation. Interim analysis. Gynecologie, Obstetrique & Fertilite 2014;42(3):155‐9. [sr‐incont60615] - PubMed
    1. Lopes P, Rimbault F, Scheffler M, Andre C, Cappelletti MC, Mares P. Multicentric prospective randomized and controlled study assessing effectiveness of intravaginal electrostimulation at home compared to usual care in female patients with urinary incontinence and prior perineal reeducation. Gynecologie, Obstetrique & Fertilite 2014;42(11):779‐86. [sr‐incont64887] - PubMed
    1. NCT02029027. Interest of intravaginal electro‐stimulation at home by GYNEFFIK compared to usual care in incontinent patients with prior perineal reeducation [Evaluation de l'intérêt de l'électrostimulation Intra‐vaginale à Domicile Par Rapport à Une Prise en Charge Habituelle Dans la Prise en Charge de Patientes Incontinentes Ayant bénéficié d'Une rééducation périnéale]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02029027 (first received 7 January 2014). [NCT02029027; sr‐incont64490]
Luber 1997 {published data only}
    1. Luber KM, Wolde‐Tsadik G. Efficacy of functional electrical stimulation in treating genuine stress incontinence: a randomized clinical trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1997;16(6):543‐51. [sr‐incont5523] - PubMed
Maher 2009 {published data only}
    1. Maher RM, Crowe L, Caulfield B. Comparison of two methods of electrical muscle stimulation training of pelvic floor musculature in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence [abstract]. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy 2009;33(1):24. [sr‐incont47080]
Min 2015 {published data only}
    1. Min L, Zhao X. Comparison of the efficacy and safety between TVT‐O and TVT‐O with biofeedback pelvic floor electrical stimulation on female stress urinary incontinence. Sichuan da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban [Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science Edition] 2015;46(1):149‐52. [sr‐incont66970] - PubMed
Olah 1990 {published data only}
    1. Olah KS, Bridges N, Denning J, Farrar DJ. The conservative management of patients with symptoms of stress incontinence: a randomized, prospective study comparing weighted vaginal cones and interferential therapy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1990;162(1):87‐92. [sr‐incont381] - PubMed
Oldham 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. ISRCTN74508432. Evaluation of a new technology to treat urinary incontinence in women: a single blind randomised controlled trial. isrctn.org/ISRCTN74508432 (date first received 10 August 2011). [ISRCTN74508432; sr‐incont64555]
    1. Oldham J. Supplemental data from our trial [personal communication]. Email to: F Stewart. 13 June 2016.
    1. Oldham J, Herbert J, McBride K. Evaluation of a new disposable "tampon like" electrostimulation technology (Pelviva) for the treatment of urinary incontinence in women: a 12‐week single blind randomized controlled trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2013;32(5):460‐6. [ISRCTN74508432; sr‐incont48076] - PubMed
    1. Oldham J, McBride K, Herbert J. Evaluation of a new electrostim technology for the treatment of urinary incontinence in women: a randomized controlled trial [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2010;29(6):1067. Abstract no. 182. [ISRCTN74508432; sr‐incont40151] - PubMed
Parsons 2004 {published data only}
    1. Parsons M, Mantle J, Cardozo L, Hextall A, Boos K, Bidmead J. A single blind, randomised, controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training with home electrical stimulation in the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence. Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS) (34th Annual Meeting) and the International UroGynecological Association (IUGA); 2004 Aug 23‐27; Paris, France 2004. [Abstract no. 296; sr‐incont19054]
Patil 2010 {published data only}
    1. Patil SP Nagrale AV Ganvir SD. Additive effect of interferential therapy over pelvic floor exercises. International Journal of Therapy & Rehabilitation 2010;17(11):596‐602. [sr‐incont47058]
Pereira 2012 {published data only}
    1. Correia G, Pereira V, Bonioti L, Driusso P. Decrease of severity of stress urinary incontinence after surface electrical stimulation in older women [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2012;31(6):878‐9. Abstract no. 119. [sr‐incont46720]
    1. Pereira VS, Bonioti L, Correia GN, Driusso P. Effects of surface electrical stimulation in older women with stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled pilot study. Actas Urologicas Españolas 2012;36(8):491‐6. [sr‐incont45933] - PubMed
Pohl 2004 {published data only}
    1. Pohl K, Jundt K, Greulich T, Drinovac V, Peschers U. Biofeedback versus electrostimulation in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS) (34th Annual Meeting) and the International UroGynecological Association (IUGA); 2004 Aug 23‐27; Paris, France 2004. [Abstract no. 564; sr‐incont19073]
Preisinger 1990 {published data only}
    1. Preisinger E, Hofbauer J, Nurnberger N, Sadil S, Schneider B. Possibilities of physiotherapy for urinary stress incontinence. Zeitschrift Physische Medizin, Balneologische Medizin Klimatologie 1990;19(2):75‐9. [sr‐incont6314]
Sand 1995 {published data only}
    1. Sand PK, Richardson DA, Staskin DR, Swift SE, Appell RA, Whitmore KE, et al. Pelvic floor electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence: a multicenter, placebo‐controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;173(1):72‐9. [sr‐incont2961] - PubMed
    1. Sand PK, Richardson DA, Staskin DR, Swift SE, Appell RA, Whitmore KE, et al. Pelvic floor stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence: a multicentre placebo‐controlled trial [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1994;13(4):356‐7. [sr‐incont2679] - PubMed
    1. Sand PK, Richardson DA, Staskin DR, Swift SE, Appell RA, Whitmore KE, et al. Pelvic floor stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence: a multicentrer placebo controlled trial. Proceedings of the American Urogynecology Society (AUGS), 15th Annual Meeting; 1994 Sep 21‐24; Toronto, Canada 1994. [Abstract no. 27; sr‐incont14586]
Santos 2009 {published data only}
    1. Santos PF, Oliveira E, Zanetti MR, Arruda RM, Sartori MG, Girao MJ, et al. Electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor versus vaginal cone therapy for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia 2009;31(9):447‐52. [sr‐incont34336] - PubMed
Schmidt 2009 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt AP, Sanches PR, Silva DP Jr, Ramos JG, Nohama P. A new pelvic muscle trainer for the treatment of urinary incontinence. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics 2009;105(3):218‐22. [sr‐incont31994] - PubMed
Seo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Seo JT, Yoon H, Kim YH. A randomized prospective study comparing new vaginal cone and FES‐Biofeedback. Yonsei Medical Journal 2004;45(5):879‐84. [sr‐incont19426] - PubMed
Shepherd 1984 {published data only}
    1. Shepherd AM, Tribe E, Bainton D. Maximum perineal stimulation. A controlled study. British Journal of Urology 1984;56(6):644‐6. [sr‐incont657] - PubMed
Shepherd 1985 {published data only}
    1. Shepherd AM, Blannin JP, Winder A. The English experience of intra‐vaginal electrical stimulation in urinary incontinence ‐ a double blind trial. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 15th Annual Meeting; 1985 Sep 3‐6; London 1985:224‐5. [sr‐incont10923]
Smith 1996 {published data only}
    1. Smith J J 3rd. Intravaginal stimulation randomized trial. Journal of Urology 1996;155(1):127‐130. [sr‐incont2900] - PubMed
    1. Smith JJ, Loehner D, Bingham W. Intravaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of GSUI and DI: a controlled study [abstract number 25]. Proceedings of the American Urogynecology Society (AUGS), 15th Annual Meeting, 1994 Sep 21‐24, Toronto, Canada 1994. [sr‐incont14584]
Tapp 1987 {published data only}
    1. Tapp AJS, Williams S, Hills B, Cardozo LD. The role of physiotherapy in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence [abstract]. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 17th Annual Meeting, 1987 Sep 2‐5, Bristol, UK, 1987:204‐5. [sr‐incont9038]
Tapp 1989 {published data only}
    1. Tapp AJS, Hills B, Cardozo L. Pelvic floor physiotherapy compared with the Burch colposuspension in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Proceedings of the Silver Jubilee British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 1989 Jul 4‐7; London 1989:65. [sr‐incont8015]
    1. Tapp AJS, Hills B, Cardozo L. Randomised study comparing pelvic floor physiotherapy with the Burch colposuspension [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1989;8(4):356‐7. [sr‐incont4515]
Terlikowski 2013 {published data only}
    1. Terlikowski R, Dobrzycka B, Kinalski M, Kuryliszyn‐Moskal A, Terlikowski SJ. Transvaginal electrical stimulation with surface‐EMG biofeedback in managing stress urinary incontinence in women of premenopausal age: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial. International Urogynecology Journal 2013;24(10):1631‐8. [sr‐incont48459] - PMC - PubMed
Whitmore 1995 {published data only}
    1. Whitmore KE, Staskin DR, Grigoriev VE, Appell RA, Sand PK, Ostergaard DR. Pelvic floor stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence: a multicenter placebo controlled trial [abstract]. Journal of Urology 1995;153(4 Suppl):491A. Abstract no. 1050. [sr‐incont15467] - PubMed
Wilson 1987 {published data only}
    1. Wilson PD, Al Samarrai T, Deakin M, Kolbe E, Brown AD. An objective assessment of physiotherapy for female genuine stress incontinence. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1987;94(6):575‐82. [sr‐incont2656] - PubMed
    1. Wilson PD, Al Samarrai T, Deakin M, Kolbe E, Brown ADG. The value of physiotherapy in female genuine stress incontinence. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 14th Annual Meeting; 1984 Sep 13‐15; Innsbruck, Austria 1984:156‐8. [sr‐incont10954]
Wise 1993 {published data only}
    1. Wise BG, Haken J, Cardozo LD, Plevnik S. A comparative study of vaginal cone therapy, cones + Kegel exercises, and maximal electrical stimulation in the treatment of female genuine stress incontinence [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1993;12(4):436‐7. Abstract no. 76. [sr‐incont4589]

References to studies excluded from this review

Bezerra 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bezerra CA, Wroclawski ER, Rodrigues AO, Tristao R, Borrelli M. Randomized clinical trial do not show that PFMT plus vaginal electrical stimulation is better than electrical stimulation alone for SUI in women [abstract]. Journal of Urology 2009;181(4 Suppl):561. Abstract no. 1561. [sr‐incont62404]
Blowman 1991 {published data only}
    1. Blowman C, Pickles C, Emery S, Creates V, Towell L, Blackburn N, et al. Prospective double blind controlled trial of intensive physiotherapy with and without stimulation of the pelvic floor in treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Physiotherapy 1991;77(10):661‐4. [sr‐incont2338]
Furst 2014 {published data only}
    1. Furst MC, Mendonca RR, Rodrigues AO, Matos LL, Pompeo AC, Bezerra CA. Long‐term results of a clinical trial comparing isolated vaginal stimulation with combined treatment for women with stress incontinence. Einstein 2014;12(2):168‐174. [sr‐incont62563] - PMC - PubMed
Kirschner‐Hermanns 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kirschner‐Hermanns R, Niehaus S, Schafer W, Jakse G. Pelvic floor re‐education in female stress‐incontinence I. and II. follw‐up results (mean 43 months). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 25th Annual Meeting; 1995 Oct 17‐20; Sydney, Australia 1995:230‐1. [Abstract no. 216; sr‐incont10891]
Kolbl 1989 {published data only}
    1. Kolbl H, Riss P. Percutaneous electrotherapy for micturition complications after bladder surgery. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1989;245(1‐4):788‐90. [sr‐incont25929]
NCT01763762 {published data only}
    1. NCT01763762. A comparison of the efficacy of electrical pudendal nerve stimulation to pelvic floor muscle training with transvaginal electrical stimulation in treating female stress incontinence. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01763762 (date first received 9 January 2013). [NCT01763762; sr‐incont47834]
NCT02899520 {published data only}
    1. NCT02899520. Evaluation of programs of reeducation for urinary incontinence in woman. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02899520 (date first received 14 September 2016). [NCT02899520; sr‐incont73997]
Pennisi 1994 {published data only}
    1. Pennisi M, Grasso‐Leanza F, Panella P, Pepe P. Rehabilitation therapy in the treatment of female urinary incontinence. Our experience with 121 patients. Minerva Urologica e Nefrologica [Italian Journal of Urology and Nephrology] 1994;46(4):245‐9. - PubMed
RBR‐64s9ts {published data only}
    1. RBR‐64s9ts. Tibial nerve electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence in older women. www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR‐64s9ts (date first received 30 January 2014). [RBR‐64s9ts; sr‐incont74032]
Terry 1996 {published data only}
    1. Terry PB, Whyte SM. Randomised trial comparing Enhance with physiotherapy for the treatment of GSI. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 26th Annual Meeting; 1996 Aug 27‐3; Athens, Greece 1996:248‐9. [sr‐incont5133]

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12610000254099 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610000254099, Driusso P, Correia GN, Pereira VS, Aveiro MC, Melo MV, et al. Physiotherapy for women with stress urinary incontinence: effects of kinesiotherapy, vaginal cones and electrical stimulation. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=335280 (date first received 19 March 2010). [ACTRN12610000254099; sr‐incont41378]
Jha 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jha S, Pye C. IPSU study: Impact of Physiotherapy on Sexual function in women with Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) and a comparison of electrical stimulation versus standard physiotherapy: a randomised controlled trial. UK Clinical Research Network (UKCRN) (available at: https://www.ukctg.nihr.ac.uk/) (date first received 3 May 2013). [UKCRN11623; sr‐incont60901]
    1. Jha S, Pye C, ISRCTN09586238. Impact of Physiotherapy on sexual function in women with Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) [IPSU study: Impact of Physiotherapy on Sexual function in women with Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) and a comparison of electrical stimulation versus standard physiotherapy: a randomised controlled trial]. isrctn.org/ISRCTN09586238 (date first received 3 May 2013). [ISRCTN09586238; sr‐incont64533]
Maher 2010 {published data only}
    1. Maher R, ISRCTN32312996. Inko‐Outside multicentre, controlled, randomised, blinded study for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence [A single‐blind multicentre, controlled, randomised, blinded comparative study of three forms of pelvic floor muscle training: kegel exercises (KE), electrical stimulation using external skin‐electrodes (ESEX) and electrical stimulation using an intra‐vaginal electrode (ESIN), in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence]. isrctn.org/ISRCTN32312996 (date first received 23 March 2010). [ISRCTN32312996; NCT01472068; sr‐incont47887]
NCT00762593 2006 {published data only}
    1. NCT00762593, Croissandeau J. Trial Evaluating Transvaginal Electrical Stimulation With a Home Use Programmable Device for Urinary Stress Incontinence (KEAT F1) [A Multicenter Double Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial Evaluating Transvaginal Electrical Stimulation With a Home Use Programmable Device for Urinary Stress Incontinence]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00762593 (date first received 30 September 2008). [NCT00762593; sr‐incont61579]
NCT02185235 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02185235, Su T‐H. A randomized controlled trial of electrical stimulation to treat pelvic floor disorder [To evaluate the efficacy of electrical stimulation and biofeedback treatment for pelvic floor disorder women]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02185235 (first received 9 July 2014). [NCT02185235; sr‐incont63818]
NCT02423005 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02423005, Minogue C, Nunez M, Lynch C, Jacobs BE, Swift S, et al. Neurotech Vital Compact versus Itouch Sure Pelvic Floor Exerciser US [A Single‐blind, Multi‐centre, Randomised, Controlled, Non‐inferiority, Clinical Study to Assess the Safety and Performance of the Neurotech Vital Compact Device Compared to the Itouch Sure Pelvic Floor Exerciser for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Female Patients]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02423005 (first received 22 April 2015). [NCT02423005; sr‐incont67529]
Robson 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT02214784, O'farrell S, Tunn R. Neurotech Vital device for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence [A Randomised Controlled Double‐Blind Clinical Study To Evaluate The Safety And Performance Of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) With The Neurotech Vital Device For The Treatment Of Stress Urinary Incontinence]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02214784 (first received 12 August 2014). [ISRCTN68358784; NCT02214784; sr‐incont64489]
    1. Robson K, ISRCTN68358784. Safety and performance of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) with the Neurotech Vital device for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) [A Randomised Controlled double‐blind clinical Trial to evaluate the safety and performance of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) with the NeuroTech Vital device for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI)]. isrctn.org/ISRCTN68358784 (first received 23 July 2013). [ISRCTN68358784; sr‐incont64527]
Robson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Robson K, ISRCTN27961345. A study to look at the safety and performance of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) with the NeuroTech Vital device compared to the itouch Sure Pelvic Floor Exerciser for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence [A randomised, controlled, single‐blind, pilot clinical study to evaluate the safety and performance of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) with the NeuroTech Vital device compared to the itouch Sure Pelvic Floor Exerciser for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in female patients]. isrctn.org/ISRCTN27961345 (first received 24 February 2014). [BMR‐14‐1001; ISRCTN27961345; sr‐incont64516]

Additional references

Alhasso 2005
    1. Alhasso A, Glazener CMA, Pickard R, N'Dow JMO. Adrenergic drugs for urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001842.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ayeleke 2015
    1. Ayeleke RO, Hay‐Smith EJC, Omar MI. Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010551.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bartoli 2010
    1. Bartoli S, Aguzzi G, Tarricone R. Impact on quality of life of urinary incontinence and overactive bladder: a systematic literature review. Urology 2010;75(3):491‐500. - PubMed
Berghmans 2002
    1. Berghmans BA, Waalwijk van Doorna E, Nieman F, Bie R, Brandt P, Kerrebroeck P. Efficacy of physical therapeutic modalities in women with proven bladder overactivity. European Urology 2002;41(6):581‐7. - PubMed
Berghmans 2013
    1. Berghmans B, Hendriks E, Bernards A, Bie R, Omar MI. Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for urinary incontinence in men. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001202.pub5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bø 2004
    1. Bø K. Urinary incontinence, pelvic floor dysfunction, exercise and sport. Sports Medicine 2004;34(7):451‐64. - PubMed
Bø 2005
    1. Bø K, Kvarstein B, Nygaard I. Lower urinary tract symptoms and pelvic floor muscle exercise adherence after 15 Years. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;105(5):999‐1005. - PubMed
Chancellor 2002
    1. Chancellor MB, Leng W. The mechanism of action of sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of detrusor overactivity and urinary retention. In: Jonas U, Grunewald V editor(s). New Perspectives in Sacral Nerve Stimulation: For Control of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction. London: Martin Dunitz, 2002.
Dean 2017
    1. Dean N, Ellis G, Herbison GP, Wilson D, Mashayekhi A. Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002239.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dumoulin 2014
    1. Dumoulin C, Hay‐Smith EJC, Mac Habée‐Séguin G. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
EAU 2015
    1. Lucas MG, Bedretdinova D, Berghmans LC, Bosch JLHR, Burkhard FC, Cruz F, et al. Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence (partial update March 2015). Arnhem, the Netherlands: European Association of Urology (EAU), 2015. Available at: uroweb.org/wp‐content/uploads/20‐Urinary‐Incontinence_LR1.pdf (accessed 21 June 2016).
Erlandson 1977
    1. Erlandson BE, Fall M. Intravaginal electrical stimulation in urinary incontinence. An experimental and clinical study. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. Supplementum 1977;44:1. - PubMed
Evers 2005
    1. Evers S, Goossens M, Vet H, Tulder M, Ament A. Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: Consensus on Health Economic Criteria. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2005 Spring;21(2):240‐5. - PubMed
Fall 1991
    1. Fall M, Lindstrom S. Electrical stimulation: a physiologic approach to the treatment of urinary incontinence. Urologic Clinics of North America 1991;18(2):393‐407. - PubMed
Fall 1994
    1. Fall, M, Lindstrom S. Functional electrical stimulation: physiological basis and clinical principles. International Urogynecology Journal 1994;5(5):296‐304.
Glazener 2017a
    1. Glazener CMA, Cooper K, Mashayekhi A. Anterior vaginal repair for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001755.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Glazener 2017b
    1. Glazener CMA, Cooper K, Mashayekhi A. Bladder neck needle suspension for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003636.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
GRADEpro GDT 2015 [Computer program]
    1. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime Inc). GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool (GDT). Version accessed 21 November 2016. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime Inc), 2015.
Guyatt 2008
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck‐Yitter Y, Alonso‐Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336(7650):924‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Herbison 2009
    1. Herbison GP, Arnold EP. Sacral neuromodulation with implanted devices for urinary storage and voiding dysfunction in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004202.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Husereau 2013
    1. Husereau D, Drummond M, Petrou S, Carswell C, Moher D, Greenberg D, et al. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement. BJOG 2013;120:765‐70. - PubMed
ICI 2013
    1. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence: 5th International Consultation on Incontinence. Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and faecal incontinence; 2012 Feb 23‐25; Paris. Belgium: International Consultation on Urological Diseases (ICUD‐EAU), 2013.
Imamura 2010
    1. Imamura M, Abrams P, Bain C, Buckley B, Cardozo L, Cody J, et al. Systematic review and economic modelling of the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of non‐surgical treatments for women with stress urinary incontinence. Health Technology Assessment 2010;14(40):1‐506. - PubMed
Kursh 1994
    1. Kursh ED, McGuire EJ. Female Urology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1994.
Lapitan 2017
    1. Lapitan MCM, Cody JD, Mashayekhi A. Open retropubic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002912.pub7; CD002912] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mariappan 2005
    1. Mariappan P, Alhasso AA, Grant A, N'Dow JMO. Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) for stress urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004742.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Nambiar 2017
    1. Nambiar A, Cody JD, Jeffery ST, Aluko P. Single‐incision sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008709.pub3; CD008709] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NICE 2013
    1. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health, NHS National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Urinary incontinence: the management of urinary incontinence in women. NICE Clinical Guideline (CG171). London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg171. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
Oh 2008
    1. Oh SJ, Ku JH, Choo MS, Yun JM, Kim DY, Park WH. Health‐related quality of life and sexual function in women with stress urinary incontinence and overactive bladder. International Journal of Urology 2008;15(1):62‐7. - PubMed
Plevnik 1991
    1. Plevnik S, Janež J, Vodušek DB. Electrical stimulation. In: Krane RJ, Siroky MB editor(s). Clinical Neuro‐Urology. 2nd Edition. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991:559‐71.
Qaseem 2014
    1. Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, Starkey M, Denberg TD, Shekelle P. Nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence in women: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine 2014;161(6):429‐40. - PubMed
Reference Manager 2012 [Computer program]
    1. Thomson Reuters. Reference Manager Professional Edition. Version 12. New York: Thomson Reuters, 2012.
Rehman 2011
    1. Rehman H, Bezerra Carlos CB, Bruschini H, Cody JD. Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001754.pub3; CD001754] - DOI - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Roos 2014
    1. Roos AM, Thakar R, Sultan AH, Burger CW, Paulus AT. Pelvic floor dysfunction: women's sexual concerns unraveled. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2014;11(3):743‐52. - PubMed
Scheepens 2003
    1. Scheepens WA, Koeveringe GA, Bie RA, Weil EHJ, Kerrebroeck PhEV. Urodynamic results of sacral neuromodulation correlate with subjective improvement in patients with an overactive bladder. European Urology 2003;43(3):282‐7. - PubMed
Schreiner 2013
    1. Schreiner L, Dos Santos TG, Souza ABA, Nygaard CC, Silva Filho IG. Electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review. International Brazilian Journal of Urology 2013;39(4):454‐64. - PubMed
Scottish Government 2015
    1. Scottish Government. The Scottish independent review of the use, safety and efficacy of transvaginal mesh implants in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women. Edinburgh: the Scottish Government; 2015 October. Interim report. Available at: www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00486661.pdf.
Stewart 2016a
    1. Stewart F, Gameiro LF, Dib R, Gameiro MO, Kapoor A, Amaro JL. Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010098.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yamoto 2016
    1. Yamoto TP, Maher CG, Saragioti BT, Hoffmann TC, Moseley AM. How completely are physiotherapy interventions described in reports of randomised trials?. Physiotherapy 2016;102(2):121‐6. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Stewart 2016b
    1. Stewart F, Berghmans B, Bø K, Glazener CMA. Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012390] - DOI - PMC - PubMed