Raman Spectroscopy: An Emerging Tool in Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Diagnosis

Abstract

The pathogenesis underlining many neurodegenerative diseases remains incompletely understood. The lack of effective biomarkers and disease preventative medicine demands the development of new techniques to efficiently probe the mechanisms of disease and to detect early biomarkers predictive of disease onset. Raman spectroscopy is an established technique that allows the label-free fingerprinting and imaging of molecules based on their chemical constitution and structure. While analysis of isolated biological molecules has been widespread in the chemical community, applications of Raman spectroscopy to study clinically relevant biological species, disease pathogenesis, and diagnosis have been rapidly increasing since the past decade. The growing number of biomedical applications has shown the potential of Raman spectroscopy for detection of novel biomarkers that could enable the rapid and accurate screening of disease susceptibility and onset. Here we provide an overview of Raman spectroscopy and related techniques and their application to neurodegenerative diseases. We further discuss their potential utility in research, biomarker detection, and diagnosis. Challenges to routine use of Raman spectroscopy in the context of neuroscience research are also presented.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s; Huntington’s; Neurodegenerative disease; Parkinson’s; Prion disease; Raman optical activity; Raman spectroscopy; amyloid; coherent anti-Raman scattering; proteinopathy; resonance Raman spectroscopy; stimulated Raman scattering; surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.