Healthy apple program to support child care centers to alter nutrition and physical activity practices and improve child weight: a cluster randomized trial

Abstract

Background: North Carolina Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC) resources improve child body mass index (BMI) when the resources are introduced by nurses to child care providers, and offered with workshops and incentives. In San Francisco, public health and child care agencies partnered to adapt NAP SACC resources into an annual "Healthy Apple" quality improvement program (HAP).

Methods: This cluster randomized controlled trial pilot-tested integration of the HAP with bi-annual public health screenings by nurses. All child care centers that participated in Child Care Health Program (CCHP) screenings in San Francisco in 2011-2012 were offered routine services plus HAP in 2012-2013 (CCHP + HAP, n = 19) or routine services with delayed HAP in 2014-2015 (CCHP + HAP Delayed, n = 24). Intention-to-treat analyses (robust SE or mixed models) used 4 years of screening data from 12 to 17 CCHP + HAP and 17 to 20 CCHP + HAP Delayed centers, regarding 791 to 945 children ages 2 to 5y, annually. Year-specific, child level models tested if children in CCHP + HAP centers had greater relative odds of exposure to 3 index best practices and smaller Autumn-to-Spring changes in BMI percentile and z-score than children in CCHP + HAP Delayed centers, controlling for age, sex, and Autumn status. Multi-year, child care center level models tested if HAP support modified year-to-year changes (2013-2014 and 2014-2015 vs 2011-2012) in child care center annual mean Autumn-to-Spring BMI changes.

Results: In 2011-2012, the CCHP + HAP and CCHP + HAP Delayed centers had similar index practices (<15% of children were exposed to a physical activity curriculum, staff joining in active play, and drinking water pitchers) and annual BMI changes. In 2013-2014: 60% of children in CCHP + HAP centers were exposed to the 3 index practices vs 19% in CCHP + HAP Delayed centers; Mean (SE) child BMI percentile (-2.6 (0.9), p = 0.003) and z-score (-0.08 (0.03), p = 0.007) decreased more in CCHP + HAP vs CCHP + HAP Delayed centers. In 2014-2015, after all centers were offered HAP, the index practices and BMI changes were improved for all centers vs 2011-2012.

Conclusions: Integration of the HAP with existing public health nursing services was associated with significantly more children exposed to best practices and improvement in child BMI change. The results warrant continued integration of HAP into local public health infrastructure.

Trial registration: ISRCTN18857356 (24/04/2015) Retrospectively registered.

Keywords: Child care center; Child obesity; Weight change.

Fig. 1

Timeline, study design, and data collection for the Healthy Apple Program pilot. BMI: Body mass index; CCHP: Child Care Health Program; HAP: Healthy Apple Program. In child care center level analysis, child care centers were followed, longitudinally, over multiple academic years. As the children attending the child care centers changed each year, in child-level analysis, each academic year was considered separately

Fig. 2

Flow of eligible child care centers through the Healthy Apple Program pilot. CONSORT: Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials; CCHP: Child Care Health Program; HAP: Healthy Apple Program. Figure 2 was adapted from the CONSORT 2010 flow diagram [13]. Figure 2 describes the number of child care centers assessed for eligibility to participate, excluded from participation, randomized to CCHP + HAP or CCHP + HAP Delayed intervention groups, given allocated services and resources, followed in 2013–2014, and given resources in Implementation year 2 (2014–2015). The intention-to-treat analysis box reports the number of child care centers and mean (SE) number of children per child care center included in the analysis. The total number of children included in the analysis each year is reported in Table 2. It was not possible to estimate the cluster size of child care centers that were excluded from analyses, because enrollment data for non-participating centers were unavailable. After randomization, several child care centers became Head Start centers, which made them ineligible to receive CCHP services. All CCHP + HAP and CCHP + HAP Delayed centers were offered two free BMI screenings each year. The BMI screenings were offered every year, regardless of whether or not the child care center had previously declined BMI screening services. Child care centers that did not participate in both annual CCHP BMI screenings were missing data regarding annual BMI change and were excluded from analyses for that year. For this reason, the number of child care centers included in the analysis varied from year to year