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. 2018 Feb;410(6):1793-1803.
doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0835-3. Epub 2018 Jan 15.

Wastewater-based tracing of doping use by the general population and amateur athletes

Ana Causanilles  1   2 , Vera Nordmann  1   2 , Dennis Vughs  1 , Erik Emke  1 , Olivier de Hon  3 , Félix Hernández  4 , Pim de Voogt  5   6
Affiliations

Wastewater-based tracing of doping use by the general population and amateur athletes

Ana Causanilles et al. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2018 Feb.

Abstract

The present study investigates the applicability of the chemical analysis of wastewater to assess the use of doping substances by the general population and amateur athletes. To this end, an analytical methodology that can identify and quantify a list of 15 substances from the groups of anabolic steroids, weight loss products, and masking agents in wastewater has been developed. The method uses solid phase extraction to increase the detection sensitivity of the target analytes, expected to be present at very low concentrations (ng L-1 range), and decrease possible matrix interferences. Instrumental analysis is performed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, allowing data acquisition in both full scan and tandem MS mode. The method has been successfully validated at two concentration levels (50 and 200 ng L-1) with limits of quantification ranging between 0.7 and 60 ng L-1, intra- and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviation below 15%, procedural recoveries between 60 and 160% and matrix effects ranging from 45 to 121%. The stability of the analytes in wastewater was evaluated at different storage temperatures illustrating the importance of freezing the samples immediately after collection. The application of the method to 24-h composite wastewater samples collected at the entrance of three wastewater treatment plants and one pumping station while different sport events were taking place revealed the presence in wastewater, and hence the use, of the weight loss substances ephedrine, norephedrine, methylhexanamine, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The use of these stimulants was visible just prior and during the event days and in greater amounts than anabolic steroids or masking agents. Graphical abstract Chemical analysis of untreated wastewater reveals the use of prohibited doping substances during amateur sport event.

Keywords: Doping; Prohibited substances; Sewage; Sport; Wastewater-based epidemiology.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract
Chemical analysis of untreated wastewater reveals the use of prohibited doping substances during amateur sport event
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Normalized loads (expressed in mg day−1 1000 inh−1) of the most detected weight loss products (ephedrine, norephedrine, methylhexanamine, and 2,4-dinitrophenol) per sampling location
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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