Does the CDC Definition of Fever Accurately Predict Inflammation and Infection in Persons With SCI?

Abstract

Background: Pneumonia and septicemia have the greatest impact on reduced life expectancy in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Fever is often the first presenting symptom of infection or inflammation. Thermoregulatory dysfunction in persons with SCI may preclude a typical febrile response to infection or inflammation and thus delay diagnostic workup. Objective: To determine the core temperature of persons with SCI in the setting of infection or inflammation and the frequency with which it meets criteria for the CDC definition of fever (>100.4°F). Methods: Retrospective review of hospitalized SCI patients over 5 years with a diagnosis of infection or inflammation (DI), defined by serum leukocytosis. In this study, 458 persons with paraplegia (PP) and 483 persons with tetraplegia (TP) had 4,191 DI episodes. Aural temperatures (T_au) on the day of DI, 7 days prior, and 14 days afterwards were abstracted from medical records. Main outcome measures were average T_au at DI, frequency of temperatures >100.4°F at DI, and average baseline temperatures before and after DI. Results: Average T_au at DI was 98.2°F (±1.5) and 98.2°F (±1.4) in the TP and PP groups, respectively, with only 11.6% to 14% of DI resulting in T_au >100.4°F. Baseline temperatures ranged from 97.9°F (±0.7) to 98.0°F (±0.8). Conclusion: SCI persons with leukocytosis infrequently mount a fever as defined by the CDC, and baseline temperatures were subnormal (<98.6°F). Thermoregulatory dysfunction likely accounts for these findings. T_au >100.4°F is not a sensitive predictor of infection or inflammation in persons with SCI. Clinicians should be vigilant for alternative symptoms of infection and inflammation in these patients, so diagnostic workup is not delayed.

Keywords: aural temperature; fever; infection; inflammation; spinal cord injury; thermoregulation.

Figure 1.

Days of aural temperature (T_au) data collection. DI = diagnosis of infection or inflammation.

Figure 2.

Average temperatures from −7 day (before infection) to 14 days (after infection) for tetraplegia and paraplegia groups. DI = diagnosis of infection or inflammation.