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. 2017 Feb;4(1):192-204.
doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2016.2640563. Epub 2016 Dec 15.

Towards Integrating Distributed Energy Resources and Storage Devices in Smart Grid

Guobin Xu  1 , Wei Yu  2 , David Griffith  3 , Nada Golmie  3 , Paul Moulema  4
Affiliations

Towards Integrating Distributed Energy Resources and Storage Devices in Smart Grid

Guobin Xu et al. IEEE Internet Things J. 2017 Feb.

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) provides a generic infrastructure for different applications to integrate information communication techniques with physical components to achieve automatic data collection, transmission, exchange, and computation. The smart grid, as one of typical applications supported by IoT, denoted as a re-engineering and a modernization of the traditional power grid, aims to provide reliable, secure, and efficient energy transmission and distribution to consumers. How to effectively integrate distributed (renewable) energy resources and storage devices to satisfy the energy service requirements of users, while minimizing the power generation and transmission cost, remains a highly pressing challenge in the smart grid. To address this challenge and assess the effectiveness of integrating distributed energy resources and storage devices, in this paper we develop a theoretical framework to model and analyze three types of power grid systems: the power grid with only bulk energy generators, the power grid with distributed energy resources, and the power grid with both distributed energy resources and storage devices. Based on the metrics of the power cumulative cost and the service reliability to users, we formally model and analyze the impact of integrating distributed energy resources and storage devices in the power grid. We also use the concept of network calculus, which has been traditionally used for carrying out traffic engineering in computer networks, to derive the bounds of both power supply and user demand to achieve a high service reliability to users. Through an extensive performance evaluation, our data shows that integrating distributed energy resources conjointly with energy storage devices can reduce generation costs, smooth the curve of bulk power generation over time, reduce bulk power generation and power distribution losses, and provide a sustainable service reliability to users in the power grid.

Keywords: Smart grid; distributed energy resources; energy storage; performance evaluation.

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Figures

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An Example of Power Grid Modernization
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Modeling and Analysis Cases
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Successful Demand Ratio
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Effective Generation Ratio
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Power Flow in the Smart Grid
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IEEE 14 Bus Topology
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Total Power Cumulative Cost of Three Systems
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Total Power Generation Cost of Three Systems
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Power Transmission Loss of Three Systems
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Comparison of Power Generation from Bulk Power Generator
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Statistical Solar Power Generation in 24 Hours
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Statistical Wind Power Generation in 24 Hours
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Statistical User Power Consumption in 24 Hours
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Statistical Cumulative Power Generation from Distributed Energy Resources and User Consumption in 24 hours
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Power Supply Lower Bound of Distributed Energy Resources vs. User Demand Upper Bound
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The Backlog of Power System
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User Demand Curve and Supply Curve of Distributed Energy Resources
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User Demand Curve and Supply Curve of Distributed Energy Resources With Power Backup
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Bulk Power Supply Curve
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Statistically-based Supply Curve of Distributed Energy Resources
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Statistically-based User Demand Guarantee
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User Service Reliability of Traditional Bulk System
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User Service Reliability of Integrated Distributed Energy Resources
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User Service Reliability of Integrated Distributed Energy Resources and Storage Devices
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User Service Reliability vs. The Number of Distributed Energy Resources (Total Power Supply=3000 MW)
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Optimal Storage Deployment
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References

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