Competing interests: JB is a member of the board and scientific committee of the Overdiagnosis Conference with international partners as the BMJ plus Dartmouth, Bond and Oxford universities based on a non-profit model. JB is also the host of the next Overdiagnosis Conference in Copenhagen August 2018. LMS and SW have served as medical experts in testosterone litigation and were the cofounders of Informulary, Inc., a company that provided data about the benefits and harms of prescription drugs, which ceased operations in December 2016. The Dartmouth Institute jointly runs the Overdiagnosis Conference. CH has received expenses and fees for his media work including BBC Inside Health. He holds grant funding from the NIHR, the NIHR School of Primary Care Research, The Wellcome Trust and the WHO. CEBM jointly runs the Evidence Live Conference with the BMJ and the Overdiagnosis Conference. JWO is funded by the Clarendon Fund, University of Oxford. He has also received income from Oxford University Hospitals for clinical work and hold grants from the National Institute for Health Research and the Primary Care Research Trust. He is a member of the Junior Scientific Board of the Overdiagnosis Conference. JKA is an associate editor of the EBM journal, a member of the CEBM (see CH above), president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society, and an emeritus fellow of Green-Templeton College, Oxford; he has written articles and edited textbooks on adverse drug reactions and has been an expert witness in cases of drug toxicity.