Meta-Analysis
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011292.pub2.
Physical activity for women with breast cancer after adjuvant therapy
Affiliations
- PMID: 29376559
- PMCID: PMC6491330
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011292.pub2
Item in Clipboard
Meta-Analysis
Physical activity for women with breast cancer after adjuvant therapy
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
.
Abstract
Background: Women with a diagnosis of breast cancer may experience short- and long-term disease and treatment-related adverse physiological and psychosocial outcomes. These outcomes can negatively impact prognosis, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and psychosocial and physical function. Physical activity may help to improve prognosis and may alleviate the adverse effects of adjuvant therapy.
Objectives: To assess effects of physical activity interventions after adjuvant therapy for women with breast cancer.
Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group (CBCG) Specialised Registry, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, on 18 September 2015. We also searched OpenGrey and Healthcare Management Information Consortium databases.
Selection criteria: We searched for randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing physical activity interventions versus control (e.g. usual or standard care, no physical activity, no exercise, attention control, placebo) after adjuvant therapy (i.e. after completion of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, but not hormone therapy) in women with breast cancer.
Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. We contacted trial authors to ask for additional information when needed. We calculated an overall effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each outcome and used GRADE to assess the quality of evidence for the most important outcomes.
Main results: We included 63 trials that randomised 5761 women to a physical activity intervention (n = 3239) or to a control (n = 2524). The duration of interventions ranged from 4 to 24 months, with most lasting 8 or 12 weeks (37 studies). Twenty-eight studies included aerobic exercise only, 21 involved aerobic exercise and resistance training, and seven used resistance training only. Thirty studies described the comparison group as usual or standard care, no intervention, or control. One-fifth of studies reported at least 20% intervention attrition and the average physical activity adherence was approximately 77%.No data were available on effects of physical activity on breast cancer-related and all-cause mortality, or on breast cancer recurrence. Analysis of immediately postintervention follow-up values and change from baseline to end of intervention scores revealed that physical activity interventions resulted in significant small-to-moderate improvements in HRQoL (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.39, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.57, 22 studies, 1996 women; SMD 0.78, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.17, 14 studies, 1459 women, respectively; low-quality evidence), emotional function (SMD 0.21, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.32, 26 studies, 2102 women, moderate-quality evidence; SMD 0.31, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.53, 15 studies, 1579 women, respectively; low-quality evidence), perceived physical function (SMD 0.33, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.49, 25 studies, 2129 women; SMD 0.60, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.97, 13 studies, 1433 women, respectively; moderate-quality evidence), anxiety (SMD -0.57, 95% CI -0.95 to -0.19, 7 studies, 326 women; SMD -0.37, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.12, 4 studies, 235 women, respectively; low-quality evidence), and cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD 0.44, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.58, 23 studies, 1265 women, moderate-quality evidence; SMD 0.83, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.27, 9 studies, 863 women, respectively; very low-quality evidence).Investigators reported few minor adverse events.Small improvements in physical activity interventions were sustained for three months or longer postintervention in fatigue (SMD -0.43, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.26; SMD -0.47, 95% CI -0.84 to -0.11, respectively), cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.69; SMD 0.42, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.79, respectively), and self-reported physical activity (SMD 0.44, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.72; SMD 0.51, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.93, respectively) for both follow-up values and change from baseline scores.However, evidence of heterogeneity across trials was due to variation in intervention components (i.e. mode, frequency, intensity, duration of intervention and sessions) and measures used to assess outcomes. All trials reviewed were at high risk of performance bias, and most were also at high risk of detection, attrition, and selection bias. In light of the aforementioned issues, we determined that the evidence was of very low, low, or moderate quality.
Authors' conclusions: No conclusions regarding breast cancer-related and all-cause mortality or breast cancer recurrence were possible. However, physical activity interventions may have small-to-moderate beneficial effects on HRQoL, and on emotional or perceived physical and social function, anxiety, cardiorespiratory fitness, and self-reported and objectively measured physical activity. The positive results reported in the current review must be interpreted cautiously owing to very low-to-moderate quality of evidence, heterogeneity of interventions and outcome measures, imprecision of some estimates, and risk of bias in many trials. Future studies with low risk of bias are required to determine the optimal combination of physical activity modes, frequencies, intensities, and durations needed to improve specific outcomes among women who have undergone adjuvant therapy.
Conflict of interest statement
None known.
Figures
Study flow diagram.
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, outcome: 1.1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, outcome: 1.2 Overall HRQoL (change values).
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, outcome: 1.1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Overall HRQoL (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 FACT‐G (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 FACT‐G (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 FACT‐B (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 FACT‐B (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 7 FACT Breast Cancer Subscale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 8 FACT Breast Cancer Subscale (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 9 FACT Trial Outcome Index (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 10 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Global Health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 11 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Global Health (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 12 Overall emotional function/mental health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 13 Overall emotional function/mental health (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 14 FACT Emotional well‐being (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 15 FACT Emotional well‐being (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 16 MOS SF Mental composite (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 17 MOS SF Mental composite (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 18 MOS SF Mental health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 19 MOS SF Mental health (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 20 MOS SF Emotional role (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 21 MOS SF Emotional role (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 22 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Emotional function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 23 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Emotional function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 24 POMS total mood disturbance (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 25 POMS total mood disturbance (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 26 POMS anger subscale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 27 Happiness/satisfaction with life (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 28 Happiness/satisfaction with life (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 29 Overall physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 30 Overall physical function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 31 FACT Physical well‐being (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 32 FACT Physical well‐being (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 33 MOS SF Physical composite (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 34 MOS SF Physical composite (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 35 MOS SF Physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 36 MOS SF Physical function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 37 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 38 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Physical function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 39 Body Esteem Scale ‐ Physical condition (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 40 Overall role function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 41 Overall role function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 42 FACT Functional well‐being (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 43 FACT Functional well‐being (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 44 MOS SF Physical role (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 45 MOS SF Physical role (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 46 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Role function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 47 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Role function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 48 Overall social well‐being/function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 49 Overall social well‐being/function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 50 FACT Social well‐being (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 51 FACT Social well‐being (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 52 MOS SF Social functioning (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 53 MOS SF Social functioning (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 54 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Social function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 55 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Social function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 56 Overall cognitive function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 57 Overall cognitive function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 58 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Cognitive function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 59 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Cognitive function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 60 POMS confusion subscale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 61 Overall general health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 62 Overall general health (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 63 MOS SF General health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 64 MOS SF General health (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 65 Overall sexual function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 66 Overall sexual function (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 67 Body Esteem Scale ‐ sexual attractiveness (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 68 Overall sleep (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 69 Overall sleep (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 70 PSQI Global sleep score (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 71 PSQI Global sleep score (change values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 72 PSQI sleep quality (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 73 PSQI sleep efficiency (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 74 PSQI sleep latency (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 75 PSQI sleep duration (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 76 PSQI daytime dysfunction (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 77 PSQI medication use (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 78 Accelerator‐derived sleep efficiency (follow‐up values).
Comparison 1 Comparison: HRQoL outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 79 Accelerator‐derived sleep latency (follow‐up values).
Comparison 2 Comparison: anxiety, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Overall anxiety (follow‐up values).
Comparison 2 Comparison: anxiety, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Overall anxiety (change values).
Comparison 2 Comparison: anxiety, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 POMS tension ‐ anxiety (follow‐up values).
Comparison 2 Comparison: anxiety, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 State Trait Anxiety Inventory (follow‐up values).
Comparison 2 Comparison: anxiety, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale.
Comparison 3 Comparison: depression, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Overall depression (follow‐up values).
Comparison 3 Comparison: depression, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Overall depression (change values).
Comparison 3 Comparison: depression, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 Beck Depression Inventory‐II (follow‐up values).
Comparison 3 Comparison: depression, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 Beck Depression Inventory‐II (change values).
Comparison 3 Comparison: depression, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 CES‐Depression scale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 3 Comparison: depression, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 POMS depression subscale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 3 Comparison: depression, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 7 POMS tension subscale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Overall fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Overall fatigue (change values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 FACT‐Fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 FACT‐Fatigue (change values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Fatigue scale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Fatigue scale (change values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 7 Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 8 Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory ‐ interference (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 9 Revised Piper Fatigue Scale total fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 10 Revised Piper Fatigue Scale total fatigue (change values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 11 Revised Piper Fatigue Scale behavioural/severity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 12 Revised Piper Fatigue Scale affective/meaning (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 13 Revised Piper Fatigue Scale sensory (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 14 Revised Piper Fatigue Scale cognitive/mood (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 15 Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 16 POMS fatigue scale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 17 Visual analogue scale fatigue (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 18 Overall vigour/vitality (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 19 Overall vigour/vitality (change values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 20 MOS SF vitality (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 21 MOS SF vitality (change values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 22 POMS vigour scale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 4 Comparison: fatigue and vigour, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 23 POMS vigour scale (change values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Overall pain/disability (follow‐up values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Overall pain/disability (change values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 Brief Pain Inventory severity score (change values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 Brief Pain Inventory interference score (change values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 DASH (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Pain scale (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 7 MOS SF Pain (follow‐up values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 8 MOS SF Pain (change values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 9 WOMAC joint pain (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 10 WOMAC physical dysfunction (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 5 Comparison: pain/disability, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 11 WOMAC total score (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 6 Comparison: self‐esteem, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Overall self‐esteem/body image (follow‐up values).
Comparison 6 Comparison: self‐esteem, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Overall self‐esteem/body image (change values).
Comparison 6 Comparison: self‐esteem, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 Body Esteem Scale ‐ weight concern (follow‐up values).
Comparison 6 Comparison: self‐esteem, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 Physical self‐perception profile ‐ attractiveness of body (follow‐up values).
Comparison 6 Comparison: self‐esteem, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 Physical self‐perception profile ‐ attractiveness of body (change values).
Comparison 6 Comparison: self‐esteem, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (follow‐up values).
Comparison 6 Comparison: self‐esteem, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 7 Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (change values).
Comparison 6 Comparison: self‐esteem, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 8 EORTC QLQ‐C30 Body image (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 Directly assessed VO₂max/peak (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 Directly assessed VO₂max/peak (change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 Directly assessed VO₂max/peak ‐ treadmill (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 Directly assessed VO₂max/peak ‐ cycle ergometer (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 7 Peak Power Output ‐ cycle ergometer test (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 8 Peak Respiratory Exchange Ratio ‐ cycle ergometer test (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 9 Peak Heart Rate ‐ cycle ergometer test (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 10 Ebbeling single‐stage treadmill test (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 11 Modified Bruce treadmill test (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 12 Naughton submaximal treadmill test (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 13 Cardiorespiratory fitness walk tests (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 14 Cardiorespiratory fitness walk tests (change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 15 6‐Minute walk test (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 16 12‐Minute walk test (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 17 2‐Kilometer walk test (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 18 Resting Heart Rate (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 19 Resting Heart Rate (change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 20 Resting Systolic Blood Pressure (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 21 Resting Systolic Blood Pressure (change values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 22 Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure (follow‐up values).
Comparison 7 Comparison: cardiorespiratory fitness, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 23 Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Overall self‐reported physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Overall self‐reported physical activity (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 Self‐reported total physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 Self‐reported total physical activity (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 Self‐reported moderate physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 Self‐reported moderate physical activity (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 7 Self‐reported moderate‐vigorous physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 8 Self‐reported moderate‐vigorous physical activity (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 9 Self‐reported vigorous physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 10 Self‐reported vigorous physical activity (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 11 Self‐reported walking (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 12 Self‐reported walking (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 13 7‐Day PAR self‐reported moderate physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 14 7‐day PAR self‐reported moderate‐vigorous physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 15 Godin LSI self‐reported moderate‐vigorous physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 16 Meeting recommended physical activity guidelines (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 17 Overall objective physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 18 Overall objective physical activity (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 19 Objective moderate‐vigorous physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 20 Objective moderate‐vigorous physical activity (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 21 Objective vigorous physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 22 Accelerometer counts (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 23 Pedometer/accelerometer steps/d (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 24 Pedometer/accelerometer steps/d (change values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 25 Overall sedentary behaviour (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 26 Objective sedentary behaviour (follow‐up values).
Comparison 8 Comparison: physical activity, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 27 Objective sedentary behaviour (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Mass (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 BMI (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 BMI (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 Overall body fat (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 Overall body fat (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 7 Percentage body fat ‐ DEXA (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 8 Percentage body fat ‐ DEXA (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 9 Percentage body fat ‐ BIA (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 10 Percentage body fat ‐ BIA (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 11 Percentage body fat ‐ SKF (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 12 Fat mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 13 Fat mass (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 14 Fat mass ‐ DEXA (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 15 Fat mass ‐ DEXA (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 16 Lean mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 17 Lean mass (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 18 Lean mass ‐ DEXA (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 19 Lean mass ‐ DEXA (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 20 Waist‐to‐hip ratio (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 21 Waist‐to‐hip ratio (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 22 Waist circumference (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 23 Waist circumference (change values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 24 Hip circumference (follow‐up values).
Comparison 9 Comparison: anthropometric outcomes, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 25 Hip circumference (change values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Lower body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Lower body strength (change values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 Leg press (follow‐up values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 Leg press (change values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 Back & leg strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 Leg extension (follow‐up values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 7 Leg extension (change values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 8 Hip extension (follow‐up values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 9 Hip flexion (follow‐up values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 10 Leg flexion (follow‐up values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 11 Upper body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 12 Upper body strength (change values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 13 Chest press (follow‐up values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 14 Chest press (change values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 15 Grip strength (follow‐up).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 16 Grip strength (change values).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 17 Grip strength right hand (follow‐up).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 18 Grip strength left hand (follow‐up).
Comparison 10 Comparison: muscular strength, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 19 Elbow flexion (follow‐up values).
Comparison 11 Comparison: bone health, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 1 Bone mineral content (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 11 Comparison: bone health, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 2 Bone mineral density ‐ femoral neck (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 11 Comparison: bone health, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 3 Bone mineral density ‐ lumbar spine (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 11 Comparison: bone health, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 4 Bone mineral density ‐ total hip (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 11 Comparison: bone health, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 5 Bone formation ‐ alkaline phosphatase (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 11 Comparison: bone health, all physical activity vs control, Outcome 6 Bone resorption ‐ serum NTx (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 2 Overall HRQoL (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 3 Overall emotional function/mental health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 4 Overall emotional function/mental health (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 5 Overall physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 6 Overall physical function (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 7 Overall role function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 8 Overall role function (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 9 Overall social well‐being/function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 10 Overall social well‐being/function (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 11 Overall cognitive function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 12 Overall cognitive function (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 13 Overall general health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 14 Overall general health (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 15 Overall sexual function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 16 Overall sexual function (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 17 Overall sleep (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 18 Overall sleep (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 19 Overall anxiety (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 20 Overall anxiety (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 21 Overall self‐esteem/body image (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 22 Overall self‐esteem/body image (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 23 Overall depression (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 24 Overall depression (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 25 Overall fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 26 Overall fatigue (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 27 Overall pain/disability (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 28 Overall pain/disability (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 29 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 30 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 31 Overall self‐reported physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 32 Overall self‐reported physical activity (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 33 Overall objective physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 34 Overall objective physical activity (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 35 Mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 36 Mass (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 37 BMI (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 38 BMI (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 39 Overall body fat (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 40 Overall body fat (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 41 Lower body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 42 Lower body strength (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 43 Upper body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 44 Upper body strength (change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 45 Bone mineral density ‐ femoral neck (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 12 Subanalysis: outcomes by menopausal status, Outcome 46 Bone mineral density ‐ lumbar spine (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 2 Overall HRQoL (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 3 Overall emotional function/mental health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 4 Overall emotional function/mental health (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 5 Overall physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 6 Overall physical function (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 7 Overall role function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 8 Overall role function (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 9 Overall social well‐being/function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 10 Overall social well‐being/function (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 11 Overall cognitive function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 12 Overall cognitive function (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 13 Overall general health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 14 Overall general health (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 15 Overall sexual function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 16 Overall sexual function (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 17 Overall sleep (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 18 Overall sleep (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 19 Overall anxiety (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 20 Overall anxiety (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 21 Overall depression (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 22 Overall depression (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 23 Overall fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 24 Overall fatigue (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 25 Overall pain/disability (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 26 Overall pain/disability (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 27 Overall self‐esteem/body image (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 28 Overall self‐esteem/body image (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 29 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 30 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 31 Overall self‐reported physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 32 Overall self‐reported physical activity (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 33 Overall objective physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 34 Overall objective physical activity (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 35 Mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 36 Mass (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 37 BMI (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 38 BMI (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 39 Overall body fat (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 40 Overall body fat (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 41 Lower body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 42 Lower body strength (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 43 Upper body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 44 Upper body strength (change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 45 Bone mineral density ‐ femoral neck (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 46 Bone mineral density ‐ lumbar spine (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 13 Subanalysis: outcomes by mode of physical activity intervention, Outcome 47 Bone mineral density ‐ total hip (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 2 Overall HRQoL (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 3 Overall emotional function/mental health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 4 Overall emotional function/mental health (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 5 Overall physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 6 Overall physical function (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 7 Overall role function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 8 Overall role function (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 9 Overall social well‐being/function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 10 Overall social well‐being/function (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 11 Overall cognitive function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 12 Overall cognitive function (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 13 Overall general health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 14 Overall general health (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 15 Overall sexual function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 16 Overall sexual function (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 17 Overall anxiety (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 18 Overall anxiety (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 19 Overall depression (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 20 Overall depression (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 21 Overall fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 22 Overall fatigue (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 23 Overall pain/disability (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 24 Overall pain/disability (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 25 Overall self‐esteem/body image (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 26 Overall self‐esteem/body image (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 27 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 28 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 29 Overall self‐reported physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 30 Overall self‐reported physical activity (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 31 Overall objective physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 32 Overall objective physical activity (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 33 Mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 34 Mass (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 35 BMI (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 36 BMI (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 37 Overall body fat (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 38 Overall body fat (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 39 Lower body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 40 Lower body strength (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 41 Upper body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 42 Upper body strength (change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 43 Bone mineral density ‐ femoral neck (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 44 Bone mineral density ‐ lumbar spine (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 14 Subanalysis: outcomes by intensity of physical activity intervention, Outcome 45 Bone mineral density ‐ total hip (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 2 Overall HRQoL (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 3 Overall emotional function/mental health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 4 Overall emotional function/mental health (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 5 Overall physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 6 Overall physical function (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 7 Overall role function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 8 Overall role function (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 9 Overall social well‐being/function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 10 Overall social well‐being/function (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 11 Overall cognitive function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 12 Overall cognitive function (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 13 Overall general health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 14 Overall general health (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 15 Overall sexual function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 16 Overall sexual function (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 17 Overall sleep (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 18 Overall sleep (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 19 Overall anxiety (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 20 Overall anxiety (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 21 Overall depression (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 22 Overall depression (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 23 Overall fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 24 Overall fatigue (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 25 Overall pain/disability (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 26 Overall pain/disability (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 27 Overall self‐esteem/body image (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 28 Overall self‐esteem/body image (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 29 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 30 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 31 Overall self‐reported physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 32 Overall self‐reported physical activity (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 33 Overall objective physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 34 Overall objective physical activity (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 35 Mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 36 Mass (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 37 BMI (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 38 BMI (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 39 Overall body fat (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 40 Overall body fat (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 41 Lower body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 42 Lower body strength (change values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 43 Upper body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 15 Subanalysis: outcomes by duration of physical activity intervention, Outcome 44 Upper body strength (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 2 Overall HRQoL (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 3 Overall emotional function/mental health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 4 Overall emotional function/mental health (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 5 Overall physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 6 Overall physical function (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 7 Overall role function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 8 Overall role function (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 9 Overall social well‐being/function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 10 Overall social well‐being/function (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 11 Overall cognitive function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 12 Overall cognitive function (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 13 Overall general health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 14 Overall general health (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 15 Overall sexual function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 16 Overall sleep (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 17 Overall anxiety (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 18 Overall anxiety (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 19 Overall depression (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 20 Overall depression (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 21 Overall fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 22 Overall fatigue (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 23 Overall pain/disability (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 24 Overall pain/disability (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 25 Overall self‐esteem/body image (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 26 Overall self‐esteem/body image (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 27 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 28 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 29 Overall self‐reported physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 30 Overall self‐reported physical activity (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 31 Overall objective physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 32 Overall objective physical activity (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 33 Mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 34 Mass (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 35 BMI (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 36 BMI (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 37 Overall body fat (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 38 Overall body fat (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 39 Lower body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 40 Lower body strength (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 41 Upper body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 42 Upper body strength (change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 43 Bone mineral density ‐ femoral neck (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 44 Bone mineral density ‐ lumbar spine (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 16 Subanalysis: outcomes by format of intervention, Outcome 45 Bone mineral density ‐ total hip (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 2 Overall HRQoL (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 3 Overall emotional function/mental health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 4 Overall emotional function/mental health (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 5 Overall physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 6 Overall physical function (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 7 Overall role function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 8 Overall role function (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 9 Overall social well‐being/function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 10 Overall social well‐being/function (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 11 Overall cognitive function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 12 Overall cognitive function (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 13 Overall general health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 14 Overall general health (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 15 Overall sexual function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 16 Overall sexual function (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 17 Overall sleep (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 18 Overall sleep (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 19 Overall anxiety (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 20 Overall anxiety (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 21 Overall depression (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 22 Overall depression (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 23 Overall fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 24 Overall fatigue (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 25 Overall pain/disability (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 26 Overall pain/disability (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 27 Overall self‐esteem/body image (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 28 Overall self‐esteem/body image (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 29 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 30 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 31 Overall self‐reported physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 32 Overall self‐reported physical activity (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 33 Overall objective physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 34 Overall objective physical activity (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 35 Mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 36 Mass (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 37 BMI (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 38 BMI (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 39 Overall body fat (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 40 Overall body fat (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 41 Lower body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 42 Lower body strength (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 43 Upper body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 44 Upper body strength (change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 45 Bone mineral density ‐ femoral neck (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 46 Bone mineral density ‐ lumbar spine (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 17 Subanalysis: outcomes by setting of intervention, Outcome 47 Bone mineral density ‐ total hip (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 1 Overall HRQoL (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 2 Overall HRQoL (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 3 Overall emotional function/mental health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 4 Overall emotional function/mental health (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 5 Overall physical function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 6 Overall physical function (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 7 Overall role function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 8 Overall role function (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 9 Overall social well‐being/function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 10 Overall social well‐being/function (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 11 Overall cognitive function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 12 Overall cognitive function (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 13 Overall general health (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 14 Overall general health (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 15 Overall sexual function (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 16 Overall sexual function (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 17 Overall sleep (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 18 Overall sleep (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 19 Overall anxiety (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 20 Overall anxiety (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 21 Overall self‐esteem/body image (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 22 Overall self‐esteem/body image (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 23 Overall depression (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 24 Overall depression (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 25 Overall fatigue (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 26 Overall fatigue (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 27 Overall pain/disability (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 28 Overall pain/disability (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 29 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 30 Overall cardiorespiratory fitness (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 31 Overall self‐reported physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 32 Overall self‐reported physical activity (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 33 Overall objective physical activity (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 34 Overall objective physical activity (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 35 Mass (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 36 Mass (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 37 BMI (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 38 BMI (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 39 Overall body fat (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 40 Overall body fat (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 41 Lower body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 42 Lower body strength (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 43 Upper body strength (follow‐up values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 44 Upper body strength (change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 45 Bone mineral density ‐ femoral neck (follow‐up and change values).
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis: outcomes by risk of bias, Outcome 46 Bone mineral density ‐ lumbar spine (follow‐up and change values).
Update of
References
References to studies included in this review
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Bower 2011 {published data only}
Cadmus 2009 {published data only}
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Cantarero‐Villanueva 2013 {published data only}
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Carson 2009 {published data only}
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Do 2015 {published data only}
Dolan 2016 {published data only}
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Ergun 2013 {published data only}
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Fillion 2008 {published data only}
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Guinan 2013 {published data only}
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Hatchett 2013 {published data only}
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Heim 2007 {published data only}
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Herrero 2006 {published data only}
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Irwin 2015 {published data only}
Kaltsatou 2011 {published data only}
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Kiecolt‐Glaser 2014 {published data only}
Kim 2015 {published data only}
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Ligibel 2008 {published data only}
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Littman 2012 {published data only}
Loh 2014 {published data only}
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Loudon 2014 {published data only}
Malicka 2011 {published data only}
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Martin 2013 {published data only}
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Matthews 2007 {published data only}
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McKenzie 2003 {published data only}
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Mehnert 2011 {published data only}
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Milne 2008 {published data only}
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Murtezani 2014 {published data only}
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Musanti 2012 {published data only}
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Naumann 2012 {published data only}
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Nieman 1995 {published data only}
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Nikander 2007 {published data only}
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Payne 2008 {published data only}
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Peppone 2015 {published data only}
Pinto 2003 {published data only}
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- Rabin C, Pinto BM, Frierson G. Mediators of a randomized controlled physical activity intervention for breast cancer survivors. Journal Sport Exercise Psychology 2006;28:269‐84.
Pinto 2015 {published data only}
Portela 2008 {published data only}
Rahnama 2010 {published data only}
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- Nuri R, Kordi MR, Moghaddasi M, Rahnama N, Damirchi A, Rahmani‐Nia F, et al. Effect of combination exercise training on metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 2012;8(2):238‐42. - PubMed
Rogers 2009 {published data only}
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- Rogers LQ, Hopkins‐Price P, Vicari S, Markwell S, Pamenter R, Courneya KS, et al. Physical activity and health outcomes three months after completing a physical activity behavior change intervention: persistent and delayed effects. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 2009;8(5):1410‐8. - PubMed
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Rogers 2013 {published data only}
Rogers 2014 {published data only}
Rogers 2015 {published data only}
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Saarto 2012 {published data only}
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Schmitz 2005 {published data only}
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Schmitz 2009 {published data only}
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Segar 1998 {published data only}
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Short 2014 {published data only}
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- Short CE, James EL, Girgis A, D’Souza MI, Plotnikoff RC. Main outcomes of the Move More for Life Trial: a randomised controlled trial examining the effects of tailored‐print and targeted‐print materials for promoting physical activity among post‐treatment breast cancer survivors. Psycho‐Oncology 2014;24(7):771‐8. - PubMed
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Taleghani 2012 {published data only}
Vallance 2007 {published data only}
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- Vallance JK, Courneya KS, Plotnikoff RC, Yasui Y, Mackey JR. Randomized controlled trial of the effects of print materials and step pedometers on physical activity and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007;25(17):2352‐9. - PubMed
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- Vallance JKH. Promoting physical activity in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences [Internet] 2008;68(7):2877.
Waltman 2010 {published data only}
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- Ott C, Waltman N, Twiss J, Gross G, Lindsey A, Moore T. Predictors of adherence to strength training at six months in breast cancer survivors at risk for osteoporosis. Oncology Nursing Forum 2007;34(1):200‐1.
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Winters‐Stone 2011 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review
Anderson 2012 {published data only}
Benton 2014 {published data only}
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- Benton MJ, Schlairet MC, Gibson DR. Change in quality of life among breast cancer survivors after resistance training: is there an effect of age?. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2014;22(2):178‐85. - PubMed
Bloom 2008 {published data only}
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- Bloom JR, Stewart SL, D'Onofrio CN, Luce J, Banks PJ. Addressing the needs of young breast cancer survivors at the 5 year milestone: can a short‐term, low intensity intervention produce change?. Journal of Cancer Survivorship: Research and Practice 2008;2(3):190‐204. - PubMed
Buffart 2012 {published data only}
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- Buffart L, Ross W, Chinapaw M, Brug J, Knol D, Korstjens I, et al. How does exercise improve cancer survivors' quality of life?. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15:S333‐S4.
Burnham 2002 {published data only}
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Cadmus‐Bertram 2011 {published data only}
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Cantarero‐Villanueva 2012 {published data only}
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- Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Fernandez‐Lao C, Fernandez‐de‐las‐Penas C, Lopez‐Barajas IB, Del‐Moral‐Avila R, la‐Llave‐Rincon AI, et al. Effectiveness of water physical therapy on pain, pressure pain sensitivity, and myofascial trigger points in breast cancer survivors: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Pain Medicine (United States) 2012;13(11):1509‐19. - PubMed
Cantarero‐Villanueva 2012a {published data only}
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- Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Fernandez‐Lao C, Moral‐Avila R, Fernandez‐de‐Las‐Penas C, Feriche‐Fernandez‐Castanys MB, Arroyo‐Morales M. Effectiveness of core stability exercises and recovery myofascial release massage on fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012;2012:1‐9. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/620619] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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- Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Fernandez‐Lao C, Diaz‐Rodriguez L, Fernandez‐de‐las‐Penas C, Moral‐Avila R, Arroyo‐Morales M. A multimodal exercise program and multimedia support reduce cancer‐related fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomised controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2011;3(3):e189‐e200.
Cantarero‐Villanueva 2013a {published data only}
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- Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Fernández‐Lao C, Caro‐Morán E, Morillas‐Ruiz J, Galiano‐Castillo N, Díaz‐Rodríguez L, et al. Aquatic exercise in a chest‐high pool for hormone therapy‐induced arthralgia in breast cancer survivors: a pragmatic controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2013;27(2):123‐32. - PubMed
Carter 2012 {published data only}
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Casla 2015 {published data only}
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- Casla S, Lopez‐Tarruella S, Jerez Y, Marquez‐Rodas I, Galvao DA, Newton RU, et al. Supervised physical exercise improves VO2max, quality of life, and health in early stage breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2015;153(2):371‐82. - PubMed
Cheema 2006 {published data only}
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Cho 2006 {published data only}
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Damush 2006 {published data only}
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Danhauer 2009 {published data only}
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Fernandez‐Lao 2012 {published data only}
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- Fernandez‐Lao C, Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Fernandez‐De‐Las‐Penas C, Moral‐Avila R, Castro‐Sanchez AM, Arroyo‐Morales M. Effectiveness of a multidimensional physical therapy program on pain, pressure hypersensitivity, and trigger points in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Journal of Pain 2012;28(2):113‐21. - PubMed
Fernandez‐Lao 2013 {published data only}
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- Fernandez‐Lao C, Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Ariza‐Garcia A, Courtney C, Fernandez‐De‐Las‐Penas C, Arroyo‐Morales M. Water‐ versus land‐based multimodal exercise program effects on body composition in breast cancer survivors: a controlled clinical trial. Supportive Care in Cancer 2013;21(2):521‐30. - PubMed
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Galantino 2013 {published data only}
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Hayes 2013 {published data only}
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Hsiao‐Fang 2013 {published data only}
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Isabell 2010 {published data only}
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Jeff 2012 {published data only}
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Johansson 2005 {published data only}
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Kilbreath 2006 {published data only}
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Kilgour 2008 {published data only}
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Pinto 2008 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment
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