The self-reference effect in memory: an implicit way to assess affective self-representations in social anxiety

Abstract

This study was designed to assess, through the self-reference effect in memory, whether affective self-representations were modulated by the retrieval conditions and the severity of social anxiety. Three groups (high socially anxious, low socially anxious and non-anxious) were compared on a self-referential task that involved encoding affective trait adjectives under three conditions: self-reference encoding, encoding with reference to the perception of self by others, and other-reference encoding. Memory for trait adjectives was tested on both a free recall task and a Remember/Know/Guess recognition task. The results revealed that while socially anxious individuals explicitly rated as self-descriptive and recalled more positive than negative trait adjectives like non-anxious participants, this positivity bias was respectively reduced and erased among low and high socially anxious participants when recollecting the same adjectives encoded in reference to the self. These findings are discussed in relation to their contribution to the understanding of the emotional memory biases related to the retrieval of self-knowledge in social anxiety. In particular, they highlight the necessity of using the self-reference effect in memory rather than mere self-endorsement of trait adjectives when assessing the efficacy of cognitive therapies for social anxiety.

Keywords: Social anxiety; emotional memory biases; self-esteem; self-reference effect.