Are BTK and PLCG2 mutations necessary and sufficient for ibrutinib resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

Abstract

Ibrutinib is the first BTK inhibitor to show efficacy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and is also the first BTK inhibitor to which patients have developed resistance. Mutations in BTK and PLCG2 are found in ≈80% of CLL patients with acquired resistance to ibrutinib, but it remains unclear if these mutations are merely associated with disease relapse or directly cause it. Areas covered: Unique properties of both CLL and ibrutinib that complicate attempts to definitively conclude whether BTK/PLCG2 mutations are passengers or drivers of ibrutinib-resistant disease are reviewed. Characteristics of mutations that drive drug resistance are summarized and whether BTK/PLCG2 mutations possess these is discussed. These characteristics include (1) identification in multiple patients with acquired resistance, (2) in vitro validation of drug-resistant properties, (3) mutual exclusivity with one another, (4) increasing frequency over time on drug, and (5) high frequency at the time and site of clinical relapse. Expert commentary: While BTK/PLCG2 mutations have characteristics suggesting that they can drive ibrutinib resistance, this conclusion remains formally unproven until specific inhibition of such mutations is shown to cause regression of ibrutinib-resistant CLL. Data suggest that alternative mechanisms of resistance do exist in some patients.

Keywords: BTK inhibitors; PLCG2; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; ibrutinib.

Figure 1:

BTK is engaged downstream of the constitutively activated B cell receptor (BCR) in CLL. This leads to activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase delta (PI3K?) and PLC?2 with subsequent hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PIP3) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-3-phosphate (IP3). Events downstream of activated BTK and PLC?2 include, but are not limited to, intracellular Ca2+ release as well as NF-?B and NFAT pathway activation.