Development of tau PET Imaging Ligands and their Utility in Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Abstract

The pathological features of Alzheimer's disease are senile plaques which are aggregates of β-amyloid peptides and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Neurofibrillary tangles are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and these induce various other neurodegenerative diseases, such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. In the case of Alzheimer's disease, the measurement of neurofibrillary tangles associated with cognitive decline is suitable for differential diagnosis, disease progression assessment, and to monitor the effects of therapeutic treatment. This review discusses considerations for the development of tau ligands for imaging and summarizes the results of the first-in-human and preclinical studies of the tau tracers that have been developed thus far. The development of tau ligands for imaging studies will be helpful for differential diagnosis and for the development of therapeutic treatments for tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Imaging ligands; Pet; Radiopharmaceutical; Tau; Tauopathy.

Fig. 1

a Illustration represents six tau isoforms expressed in human. The red box labeled with R1∼R4, indicates microtubule-binding domain of tau. b Diagrammatic representation of tau conformation and NFT formation. Diverse NFT conformations can be formed depending on the composition of tau isoforms

Fig. 2

Chemical structures of tau radioligands