Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Observational Study
. 2018 Jun;21(8):1554-1564.
doi: 10.1017/S1368980017004025. Epub 2018 Feb 5.

Socio-economic, environmental and nutritional characteristics of urban and rural South Indian women in early pregnancy: findings from the South Asian Birth Cohort (START)

Pratibha Dwarkanath  1 , Anil Vasudevan  2 , Tinku Thomas  3 , Sonia S Anand  4 , Dipika Desai  4 , Milan Gupta  4 , Gladys Menezes  5 , Anura V Kurpad  1 , Krishnamachari Srinivasan  6
Affiliations
Observational Study

Socio-economic, environmental and nutritional characteristics of urban and rural South Indian women in early pregnancy: findings from the South Asian Birth Cohort (START)

Pratibha Dwarkanath et al. Public Health Nutr. 2018 Jun.

Abstract

Objective: High frequency of low birth weight (LBW) is observed in rural compared with urban Indian women. Since maternal BMI is known to be associated with pregnancy outcomes, the present study aimed to investigate factors associated with BMI in early pregnancy of urban and rural South Indian women.

Design: Prospective observational cohort.

Setting: A hospital-based study conducted at an urban and a rural health centre in Karnataka State.

Subjects: Pregnant women (n 843) aged 18-40 years recruited in early pregnancy from whom detailed sociodemographic, environmental, anthropometric and dietary intake information was collected.

Results: A high proportion of low BMI (32 v. 26 %, P<0·000) and anaemia (48 v. 23 %, P<0·000) was observed in the rural v. the urban cohort. Rural women were younger, had lower body weight, tended to be shorter and less educated. They lived in poor housing conditions, had less access to piped water and good sanitation, used unrefined fuel for cooking and had lower standard of living score. The age (β=0·21, 95 % CI 0·14, 0·29), education level of their spouse (β=1·36, 95 % CI 0·71, 2·71) and fat intake (β=1·24, 95 % CI 0·20, 2·28) were positively associated with BMI in urban women.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that risk factors associated with BMI in early pregnancy are different in rural and urban settings. It is important to study population-specific risk factors in relation to perinatal health.

Keywords: Education; Hygiene and environment; Macronutrients and pregnancy; Urban–rural geographic location.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of the study participants
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2005–2006) National fact sheet India. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), IIPS Child Health. http://www.iipsindia.ac.in/ (accessed May 2016).
    1. Kanade AN, Rao S, Kelkar RS et al.. (2008) Maternal nutrition and birth size among urban affluent and rural women in India. J Am Coll Nutr 27, 137–145. - PubMed
    1. Kandhasamy K & Singh Z (2014) Determinants of low birth weight in a rural area of Tamil Nadu, India: a case–control study. Int J Med Sci Public Health 4, 376–380.
    1. Rao S, Yajnik CS, Kanade A et al.. (2001) Intake of micronutrient-rich foods in rural Indian mothers is associated with the size of their babies at birth: Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. J Nutr 131, 1217–1224. - PubMed
    1. Han Z, Mulla S, Beyene J et al.. (2011) Maternal underweight and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Int J Epidemiol 40, 65–101. - PubMed

Publication types

Grants and funding