Combination of first trimester serum afamin levels and three-dimensional placental bed vascularization as a possible screening method to detect women at-risk for adverse pregnancy complications like pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus in low-risk pregnancies

Abstract

Objective: Aim of the study was to assess the correlation of first trimester serum afamin levels with three-dimensional placental bed vascularization in pregnant women and its prognostic value for predicting pre-eclampsia and future fetal and maternal complications during pregnancy.

Methods: In this nested case-control study all pregnant women registered for delivery during a period of 3 years were routinely screened in the first trimester. Serum afamin levels were assessed in 764 women and correlated to 5 pregnancy outcome groups: gestational hypertension (n = 76), pre-eclampsia (n = 33), intrauterine growth restriction (n = 91), pre-term birth (n = 39), gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 170); In addition, measurements of first trimester myometrial vascularization index were performed and, in combination with afamin tested as a possible screening method to detect women at-risk for the development of adverse complications in low-risk pregnancies at the time of the first trimester.

Results: The results showed significantly higher serum afamin levels in women with pre-eclampsia (P<.05) and gestational diabetes mellitus (P<.05) compared to healthy pregnant women. There was no significant difference in serum afamin levels between all other pregnancy outcome groups and healthy controls. In women developing pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, afamin (OR = 1.0197, P < .05) and myometrial vascular index (OR = 0.9235, P < .001) were verified to have a significant prognostic value. Detection of pre-eclampsia in first trimester screening by a combination of afamin and myometrial vascular index performed best (AUC = 0.818).

Discussion: Hence, first trimester screening for pre-eclampsia could be provided by a combination of afamin and placental bed vascularization. Moreover, the combination of first trimester serum afamin levels with BMI could provide a possible screening for gestational diabetes mellitus.

Keywords: Afamin; First trimester; Placental bed vascularization; Pre-eclampsia.