Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elevated Cancer Incidence in Firefighters

Abstract

Cancer incidence appears to be higher amongst firefighters compared to the general population. Given that many cancers have an environmental component, their occupational exposure to products of carbon combustion such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is of concern. This is the first UK study identifying firefighters exposure to PAH carcinogens. Wipe samples were collected from skin (jaw, neck, hands), personal protective equipment of firefighters, and work environment (offices, fire stations and engines) in two UK Fire and Rescue Service Stations. Levels of 16 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PAHs were quantified together with more potent carcinogens: 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene, and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA) (12 months post-initial testing). Cancer slope factors, used to estimate cancer risk, indicate a markedly elevated risk. PAH carcinogens including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), 3-MCA, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene PAHs were determined on body surfaces (e.g., hands, throat), on PPE including helmets and clothing, and on work surfaces. The main exposure route would appear to be via skin absorption. These results suggest an urgent need to monitor exposures to firefighters in their occupational setting and conduct long-term follow-up regarding their health status.

Figure 1

PAHs concentration in skin wipe samples, pre- and post-exposure, of four firefighters attending the training.

Figure 2

Total PAHs concentration found in PPE samples from firefighters attending training, taken pre- and post-exposure from five locations.

Figure 3

Sampling from used and cleaned PPE.

Figure 4

PAHs summary for fire engines and stations from the XAD filters.

Figure 5

PAHs summary for fire engines and stations collected from the wipe samples.

Figure 6

Cancer risk characterization (1 in 100 000 population) via skin absorption for (A) skin, (B) clothing and (C) fire engines and fire offices and (D) via inhalation route for fire engines and fire offices.