Sleep in ambulatory patients with stable cirrhosis of the liver

Abstract

Background: Questionnaires indicate that patients with liver disease have disturbed sleep. However, polysomnographic studies to quantify sleep architecture and sleep disorders in this population are lacking. The current study compared polysomnographic findings of two groups of patients with clinically stable but severe end-stage pathology of the liver and heart.

Methods: This was a prospective study of consecutive patients with end-stage liver disease or severe heart failure (HF).

Measurements and results: Patients underwent full-night, attended polysomnography along with a number of laboratory tests. Polysomnograms were scored blindly. Compared to HF patients, patients with cirrhosis suffered from severe periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS), with an index of 39/hour associated with excessive arousals. In patients with cirrhosis, serum iron and ferritin levels were either at the upper normal limit or elevated. There were significant correlations between severity of PLMS versus blood levels of bilirubin (r = 0.73, p = 0.004) and ammonia (r = 0.74, p = 0.017).

Conclusions: This was the first polysomnographic study of patients with stable cirrhosis demonstrating severely disturbed sleep infrastructure and presence of excessive PLMS with arousals. The pathobiochemical mechanisms of these findings remain to be established. Independent of the mechanisms, these polysomnographic findings confirmed the subjective reports of poor sleep by patients with cirrhosis. Further, a subset of patients with cirrhosis acquired a syndrome similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease, which per se was frequently associated with PLMS; the current results were consistent with this notion. Future studies are needed to determine if PLMS of cirrhosis is an early indication of incident Parkinsonian syndrome.

Keywords: Leg movements; Liver disease; Poor sleep.