Epileptic Encephalopathies

Abstract

Purpose of review: This article reviews the manifestations and treatment of the epileptic encephalopathies, which are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by both seizures and neurocognitive impairment.

Recent findings: Next-generation (exome- and genome-based) sequencing technologies are revolutionizing the identification of single-gene causes of epileptic encephalopathy but have only had a modest impact on patient-specific treatment decisions. The treatment of most forms of epileptic encephalopathy remains a particularly challenging endeavor, with therapeutic decisions chiefly driven by the electroclinical syndrome classification. Most antiseizure drugs are ineffective in the treatment of these disorders, and treatments that are effective often entail significant risk and cost.

Summary: The epileptic encephalopathies continue to pose a major challenge in diagnosis and treatment, with most patients experiencing very poor outcomes, although a significant minority of patients respond to, or are even cured by, specific therapies.