Cardiovascular health among the Czech population at the beginning of the 21st century: a 12-year follow-up study

Abstract

Background: In the late 1980s, Czechia was among the countries which had the highest cardiovascular mortality in the world. In spite of enormous improvements since that time, there are still large opportunities in further improving cardiovascular health.

Methods: Based on the Czech Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe sample (n=8449 at baseline, 12 years of follow-up, 494 cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths up to 2015-events), the impact of selected covariates such as education, smoking habits, high blood pressure, blood cholesterol level, diabetes, obesity, physical activity and binge drinking and their multifactorial effects on cardiovascular mortality was evaluated by Cox regression. In addition, population attributable fractions (PAFs) were used to quantify the impact of these factors on CVD mortality in the population.

Results: Education was found as the strongest determinant of CVD mortality (primary vs university, HR 2.77, P<0.001; PAF=50.5%). CVD risk was two times higher for persons with diabetes compared with those without (HR 2.02, P<0.001, PAF=23.2%). Furthermore, significant factors found were smoking (smoker vs non-smoker, HR 1.91, P<0.001; PAF=26.5%), high blood pressure (HR 1.73, P<0.001; PAF=35.3%) and physical inactivity (none vs sufficient, HR 1.60, P<0.001; PAF=22.9%). Conversely, the effect of obesity was low (HR 1.29, P value =0.020), and binge drinking and high blood cholesterol level were not significant at all.

Conclusions: Education had the largest impact on cardiovascular mortality among the Czech population. More than 50% of CVD death would be prevented if the whole population had the same risk values as the highest educated population. Reducing disparities in health related to education should benefit from attention to cardiovascular health literacy.

Keywords: cohort studies; demography; epidemiology of cardiovascular disease; lifestyle; mortality.

Figure 1

Trends in life expectancy at birth (e0) in selected European countries, 1950–2014. Data source: Human Mortality Database. University of California, Berkeley, USA, and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany. Available at www.mortality.org or www.humanmortality.de (data downloaded on 5 January 2016).

Figure 2

Trends in mortality due to circulatory system diseases (standardised death rate (SDR) per 100 000 inhabitants) in selected European countries, period 1970–2014. Data source: WHO European Health for All database, August 2016.