Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in different population groups: systematic review andmeta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Mycoplasma genitalium is a common cause of non-gonococcal non-chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. Testing of asymptomatic populations has been proposed, but prevalence in asymptomatic populations is not well established. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of M. genitalium in the general population, pregnant women, men who have sex with men (MSM), commercial sex workers (CSWs) and clinic-based samples, METHODS: We searched Embase, Medline, IndMED, African Index Medicus and LILACS from 1 January 1991 to 12 July 2016 without language restrictions. We included studies with 500 participants or more. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies and extracted data. We examined forest plots and conducted random-effects meta-analysis to estimate prevalence, if appropriate. Between-study heterogeneity was examined using the I² statistic and meta-regression.

Results: Of 3316 screened records, 63 were included. In randomly selected samples from the general population, the summary prevalence was 1.3% (95% CI 1.0% to 1.8%, I² 41.5%, three studies, 9091 people) in countries with higher levels of development and 3.9% (95% CI 2.2 to 6.7, I² 89.2%, three studies, 3809 people) in countries with lower levels. Prevalence was similar in women and men (P=0.47). In clinic based samples, prevalence estimates were higher, except in asymptomatic patients (0.8%, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.4, I² 0.0%, three studies, 2889 people). Summary prevalence estimates were, in the following groups: pregnant women 0.9% (95% CI 0.6% to 1.4%, I² 0%, four studies, 3472 people), MSM in the community 3.2% (95% CI 2.1 to 5.1, I² 78.3%, five studies, 3012 people) and female CSWs in the community 15.9% (95% CI 13.5 to 18.9, I² 79.9%, four studies, 4006 people).

Discussion: This systematic review can inform testing guidelines for M. genitalium. The low estimated prevalence of M. genitalium in the general population, pregnant women and asymptomatic attenders at clinics does not support expansion of testing to these groups.

Registration numbers: PROSPERO: CRD42015020420.

Keywords: epidemiology (general); meta-analysis; systematic rreviews.

Figure 1

Estimated prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in randomly selected samples of the general population or in other community-based samples, by Human Development Index (HDI). Solid diamond and lines show the point estimate and 95% CIs for each study. The diamond shows the point estimate and 95% CIs of the summary estimate. The prevalence estimates are plotted on a logarithmic scale. NR, not reported.

Figure 2

Estimated prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in pregnant women in antenatal clinics and in randomly selected samples of women in the general population. Solid diamond and lines show the point estimate and 95% CIs for each study. The diamond shows the point estimate and 95% CIs of the summary estimate. The prevalence estimates are plotted on a logarithmic scale.

Figure 3

Estimated prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in community based and clinic based samples of men who have sex with men and female sex workers. CSW, commercial sex worker; MSM, men who have sex with men; NR, not reported. Solid diamond and lines show the point estimate and 95% CIs for each study. The diamond shows the point estimate and 95% CIs of the summary estimate. The prevalence estimates are plotted on a logarithmic scale.