In Vitro Diagnosis of Immediate Drug Hypersensitivity During Anesthesia: A Review of the Literature

Abstract

Quantification of specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies constitutes an important measure to document anesthesia-related immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IHRs). However, only a few drug-specific assays are available and their predictive value is not known. In cases of non-IgE mediated IHRs, diagnosis might benefit from cellular tests such as basophil mediator release tests and basophil activation tests (BATs). To review the potential and limitations of quantification of sIgE, mediator release, and BAT in anesthesia-related IHRs, a literature search was conducted using the key words allergy, basophil activation, CD63, CD203c, diagnosis, drugs, hypersensitivity, flow cytometry, MRGPRX2, specific IgE antibodies, leukotrienes, histamine, and tryptase; this was complemented by the authors' experience. The drugs and compounds that have predominantly been studied are neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), β-lactams, latex, and chlorhexidine. For sIgE NMBA, sensitivity and specificity varies between 38.5% to 92% and 92% to 100%, respectively. For sIgE β-lactams, sensitivity varies between 0% to 85% and specificity between 52% to 100%. sIgE to morphine should not be used in isolation to diagnose IHRs to NMBAs or opiates. sIgE for latex, and, in difficult cases, molecular diagnosis with quantification of sIgE to Hevea components constitute reliable diagnostics. For drugs, the sensitivity of BAT varies between 50% and 60% and specificity reaches 80% to 90%. Basophil mediator release tests seem to be abandoned and supplanted by BATs.

Keywords: Allergy; Anesthesia; Basophil activation; Beta-lactam; Drugs; Flow cytometry; Immediate drug hypersensitivity reaction (IDHR); MRGPRX2; Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA); Opiates; Penicillin; Specific IgE (sIgE); Tryptase.