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Review
. 2018 Feb 19;18(3):14.
doi: 10.1007/s11892-018-0980-x.

The Landscape of Diabetic Kidney Disease in the United States

O Kenrik Duru  1 , Tim Middleton  2 , Mona K Tewari  2 , Keith Norris  3
Affiliations
Review

The Landscape of Diabetic Kidney Disease in the United States

O Kenrik Duru et al. Curr Diab Rep. .

Abstract

Purpose of review: The purposes of this review are to identify population characteristics of important risk factors for the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in the United States and to discuss barriers and opportunities to improve awareness, management, and outcomes in patients with DKD.

Recent findings: The major risk factors for the development and progression of DKD include hyperglycemia, hypertension, and albuminuria. DKD disproportionately affects minorities and individuals with low educational and socioeconomic status. Barriers to effective management of DKD include the following: (a) limited patient and healthcare provider awareness of DKD, (b) lack of timely referrals of patients to a nephrologist, (c) low patient healthcare literacy, and (d) insufficient access to healthcare and health insurance. Increased patient and physician awareness of DKD has been shown to enhance patient outcomes. Multifactorial and multidisciplinary interventions targeting multiple risk factors and patient/physician education may provide better outcomes in patients with DKD.

Keywords: Albuminuria; Chronic kidney disease; Diabetes; Diabetic kidney disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

O. Kenrik Duru declared that he has no conflicts to report.

Tim Middleton and Mona K. Tewari are employees of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock and/or stock options.

Keith Norris is a speaker for OPKO and an educational consultant for AbbVie.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
(a) Prevalence of CKD (2011–2014) and CKD awareness (2009–2012) by CKD stage in the NHANES population and (b) prevalence of CKD in the NHANES population (2011–2014) within sex, age, race/ethnicity, and risk factor categories. CKD, chronic kidney disease; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. CKD stage, GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2): 1, > 90; 2, 60–89; 3, 30–59; 4, 15–29; 5, < 15. *Self-reported. (Data from the United States Renal Data System. 2016 USRDS annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2016 [•]. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System (USRDS). The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US government.)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Barriers to care and opportunities to improve awareness, management, and outcomes in patients with DKD
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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