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. 2018 Feb 23;18(1):277.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5190-6.

Rural-urban and racial-ethnic differences in awareness of direct-to-consumer genetic testing

Ramzi G Salloum  1 , Thomas J George  2   3 , Natalie Silver  4 , Merry-Jennifer Markham  3 , Jaclyn M Hall  2 , Yi Guo  2 , Jiang Bian  2 , Elizabeth A Shenkman  2
Affiliations

Rural-urban and racial-ethnic differences in awareness of direct-to-consumer genetic testing

Ramzi G Salloum et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Access to direct-to-consumer genetic testing services has increased in recent years. However, disparities in knowledge and awareness of these services are not well documented. We examined awareness of genetic testing services by rural/urban and racial/ethnic status.

Methods: Analyses were conducted using pooled cross-sectional data from 4 waves (2011-2014) of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Descriptive statistics compared sample characteristics and information sources by rural/urban residence. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between geography, racial/ethnic status, and awareness of genetic testing, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics.

Results: Of 13,749 respondents, 16.7% resided in rural areas, 13.8% were Hispanic, and 10.1% were non-Hispanic black. Rural residents were less likely than urban residents to report awareness of genetic testing (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.63-0.87). Compared with non-Hispanic whites, racial/ethnic minorities were less likely to be aware of genetic testing: Hispanic (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.56-0.82); and non-Hispanic black (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.61-0.90).

Conclusions: Rural-urban and racial-ethnic differences exist in awareness of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. These differences may translate into disparities in the uptake of genetic testing, health behavior change, and disease prevention through precision and personalized medicine.

Keywords: Genetic testing; Health disparities; Rural health.

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Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethics approval and participant consent was not necessary as this study involved the use of a previously-published de-identified database. The data used in the study were publically available.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Adjusted rates (predicted marginals) for awareness of genetic testing by urban-rural and racial/ethnic categorization across 4 waves of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) from 2011 to 2014, controlling for age, sex, education, income level, and survey year
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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