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. 2018 Apr;42(4):770-780.
doi: 10.1111/acer.13604. Epub 2018 Feb 23.

Beyond Abstinence: Changes in Indices of Quality of Life with Time in Recovery in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adults

John F Kelly  1 , M Claire Greene  2 , Brandon G Bergman  1
Affiliations

Beyond Abstinence: Changes in Indices of Quality of Life with Time in Recovery in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adults

John F Kelly et al. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018 Apr.

Abstract

Background: Alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment and recovery research typically have focused narrowly on changes in alcohol/drug use (e.g., "percent days abstinent") with little attention on changes in functioning or well-being. Furthermore, little is known about whether and when such changes may occur, and for whom, as people progress in recovery. Greater knowledge would improve understanding of recovery milestones and points of vulnerability and growth.

Methods: National, probability-based, cross-sectional sample of U.S. adults who screened positive to the question, "Did you used to have a problem with alcohol or drugs but no longer do?" (Response = 63.4% from 39,809; final weighted sample n = 2,002). Linear, spline, and quadratic regressions tested relationships between time in recovery and 5 measures of well-being: quality of life, happiness, self-esteem, recovery capital, and psychological distress, over 2 temporal horizons: the first 40 years and the first 5 years, after resolving an AOD problem and tested moderators (sex, race, primary substance) of effects. Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing regression was used to explore turning points.

Results: In general, in the 40-year horizon there were initially steep increases in indices of well-being (and steep drops in distress), during the first 6 years, followed by shallower increases. In the 5-year horizon, significant drops in self-esteem and happiness were observed initially during the first year followed by increases. Moderator analyses examining primary substance found that compared to alcohol and cannabis, those with opioid or other drugs (e.g., stimulants) had substantially lower recovery capital in the early years; mixed race/native Americans tended to exhibit poorer well-being compared to White people; and women consistently reported lower indices of well-being over time than men.

Conclusions: Recovery from AOD problems is associated with dynamic monotonic improvements in indices of well-being with the exception of the first year where self-esteem and happiness initially decrease, before improving. In early recovery, women, certain racial/ethnic groups, and those suffering from opioid and stimulant-related problems appear to face ongoing challenges that suggest a need for greater assistance.

Keywords: Alcohol Use Disorder; Epidemiology; National; Quality of Life; Recovery; Remission.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of time since resolving a significant alcohol or drug problem in a National Probability Based Sample of the US Population
Figure 2
Figure 2
Locally Weighted Scatterplot and Smoothing (LOWESS) analysis representing recovery indices (standardized) during the first forty years after problem resolution
Figure 3
Figure 3
Locally Weighted Scatterplot and Smoothing (LOWESS) analysis of recovery indices (standardized) during the first five years (left) and two years (right) after problem resolution
Figure 4
Figure 4
Locally Weighted Scatterplot and Smoothing (LOWESS) analysis of recovery indices by years since problem resolution stratified by race/ethnicity during the first 5 years
Figure 5
Figure 5
Locally Weighted Scatterplot and Smoothing (LOWESS) analysis of recovery indices by years since problem resolution stratified by primary substance
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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