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. 2018 Feb 27;8(1):3699.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22032-2.

In vitro Evaluation of Porous borosilicate, borophosphate and phosphate Bioactive Glasses Scaffolds fabricated using Foaming Agent for Bone Regeneration

E P Erasmus  1   2   3 , R Sule  4   5 , O T Johnson  6   7 , J Massera  8 , I Sigalas  9   4   5
Affiliations

In vitro Evaluation of Porous borosilicate, borophosphate and phosphate Bioactive Glasses Scaffolds fabricated using Foaming Agent for Bone Regeneration

E P Erasmus et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

In this work, glasses within the borosilicate borophosphate and phosphate family were sintered into 3D porous scaffolds using 60 and 70 vol. % NH4(HCO3) as a foaming agent. All scaffolds produced remained amorphous; apart from one third of the glasses which crystallized. All produced scaffolds had porosity >50% and interconnected pores in the range of 250-570 µm; as evidenced by µCT. The in-vitro dissolution of the scaffolds in SBF and changes in compression were assessed as a function of immersion time. The pH of the solution containing the borosilicate scaffolds increased due to the typical non-congruent dissolution of this glass family. Borophosphate and phosphate scaffolds induced a decrease in pH upon dissolution attributed to the congruent dissolution of those materials and the large release of phosphate within the media. As prepared, scaffolds showed compressive strength of 1.29 ± 0.21, 1.56 ± 0.63, 3.63 ± 0.69 MPa for the borosilicate, borophosphate and phosphate samples sintered with 60 vol. % NH4 (HCO3), respectively. Evidence of hydroxyapatite precipitation on the borosilicate glass scaffolds was shown by SEM/EDS, XRD and ICP-OES analysis. The borophosphate scaffolds remained stable upon dissolution. The phosphate scaffolds were fully crystallized, leading to very large release of phosphate in the media.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
XRD patterns of the porous glass scaffolds for S53B50, P40B10 and PSr40.
Figure 2
Figure 2
pH of SBF as a function of immersion time upon immersion of the (a) S53B50 (b) P40b10 and (c) PSr40.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mass loss (%) as a function of immersion time for scaffolds of (a) S53B50 (b) P40B10 and (c) PSr40.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Ion concentration in the immersion solution of S53B50 for (a) B, (b) Ca, (c) P and (d) Si as a function of time.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Ion concentration in the immersion solution of P40B10 for (a) B (b) Ca (c) P and (d) Sr as a function of time.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Ion concentration in the immersion solution of PSr40 for (a) Ca (b) P (c) Sr as a function of time.
Figure 7
Figure 7
XRD traces of (a) S53B50–70 vol. % NH4 (HCO3) immersed in SBF for 24, 48, 72 and 168 hrs; (b) P40B10 and (c) PSr40 60 and 70 vol. % NH4 (HCO3) immersed in SBF for 168 hrs.
Figure 8
Figure 8
SEM images of the surface of S53B50–60 vol. % NH4 (HCO3) bioactive glass scaffolds after immersion in simulated body fluid for (a) 24 hr (b) 48 hr (c) 48 hr and (d) 168 hr.
Figure 9
Figure 9
EDS spot analysis of HA particles on glass S53B50–70 vol. % NH4 (HCO3) after immersion in simulated body fluid for 24 hours.
Figure 10
Figure 10
SEM images of the surface of P40B10–60 vol. % NH4 (HCO3) bioactive glass scaffolds after immersion in simulated body fluid for (a) 24 hr (b) 48 hr (c) 48 hr and (d) 168 hr.
Figure 11
Figure 11
SEM images of the surface of PSr40–60 vol. % NH4 (HCO3) bioactive glass scaffolds after immersion in simulated body fluid for (a) 24 hr (b) 48 hr (c) 48 hr and (d) 168 hr.
Figure 12
Figure 12
EDS spot analysis of HA particles on glass P40B10–70 vol. % NH4 (HCO3) after immersion in simulated body fluid for 168 hours.
Figure13
Figure13
EDS spot analysis of HA particles on glass PSr40–60 vol. % NH4 (HCO3) after immersion in simulated body fluid for 168 hours.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Compressive strength of scaffolds as a function of immersion time in simulated body fluid at 60 and 70 vol. % content.
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