Clinical significance of polymeric and monomeric IgA complexes in patients with IgA nephropathy

Abstract

IgA nephropathy is currently considered an immune complex (IC) disease. However, though several groups have demonstrated the presence of IgA-IC in the sera of patients by various techniques, a correlation with clinical activity of the nephropathy has not always been found. Since these assays detect (simultaneously) polymeric and monomeric IgA-IC, the pathogenicity of these two classes of complexes could not be established. In this work, we have studied in 66 patients with IgA nephropathy the existence and significance of such IC, by means of a technique described in our laboratory, based on the specific binding of secretory component for polymeric IgA. Furthermore, IgG-ICs were also determined by the standard Raji cell assay in ELISA. The prevalence of these complexes was as follows: Multimeric (polymeric and monomeric) IgA-ICs were detected in 55% of 66 patients studied, polymeric IgA-ICs in 30%, monomeric IgA-ICs in 39%, and IgG-ICs in 46%. The intermittency of all these complexes was clearly noted in sequential examinations. A significant correlation (P less than .025) with hematuria was only found with polymeric IgA-IC, but not with multimeric IgA-IC, monomeric IgA-IC, or IgG-IC. Polymeric IgA-ICs were more frequently observed at the initial phases of the disease. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed that polymeric IgA-IC was of larger size than monomeric IgA-IC. The major pathogenicity of polymeric IgA-IC is in agreement with the finding of this immunoglobulin at the mesangial level in patients and animals with IgA nephropathy.