The Association Between Smoking and Electronic Cigarette Use in a Cohort of Young People

Abstract

Purpose: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is associated with smoking initiation among young people; however, it is also possible that smoking is associated with e-cigarette initiation. This study explores these associations among young people in Great Britain.

Methods: A longitudinal survey of 1,152 11- to 18-year-olds was conducted with baseline in April 2016 and follow-up between August and October 2016. Logistic regression models and causal mediation analyses assessed whether (1) ever e-cigarette use and escalation were associated with smoking initiation (ever smoking at follow-up) among baseline never smokers (n = 923), and (2) ever smoking and escalation were associated with e-cigarette initiation (ever e-cigarette use at follow-up) among baseline never e-cigarette users (n = 1,020).

Results: At baseline, 19.8% were ever smokers and 11.4% were ever e-cigarette users. Respondents who were ever e-cigarette users (vs. never users, 53% vs. 8%, odds ratio [OR] = 11.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.56-39.72) and escalated their e-cigarette use (vs. did not, 41% vs. 8%, OR = 7.89, 95% CI = 3.06-20.38) were more likely to initiate smoking. Respondents who were ever smokers (vs. never smokers, 32% vs. 4%, OR = 3.54, 95% CI = 1.68-7.45) and escalated their smoking (vs. did not, 34% vs. 6%, OR = 5.79, 95% CI = 2.55-13.15) were more likely to initiate e-cigarette use. There was a direct effect of ever e-cigarette use on smoking initiation (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.05-1.72), and ever smoking on e-cigarette initiation (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01-1.17); e-cigarette and smoking escalation, respectively, did not mediate these effects.

Conclusions: Among young people in Great Britain, ever e-cigarette use is associated with smoking initiation, and ever smoking is associated with e-cigarette initiation.

Keywords: Adolescent; E-cigarettes; Electronic cigarettes; Longitudinal studies; Nicotine; Smoking; Tobacco; Young people; Youth.

Figure 1

Flow diagram illustrating the respondent selection process. EC = electronic cigarette.

Figure 2

Conceptual causal diagrams for mediation and confounding. C = Covariate(s); X = Exposure; M = Mediator; Y = Outcome, EC = E-cigarette. Model A specifies baseline ever e-cigarette use as the exposure, e-cigarette escalation at follow-up as the mediator, and smoking initiation at follow-up as the outcome. Model B specifies baseline ever smoking as the exposure, smoking escalation at follow-up as the mediator, and e-cigarette initiation at follow-up as the outcome.