[Anal incontinence and obstetrical anal sphincter injuries, epidemiology and prevention]

Abstract

Our main objectives were to identify risk factors, methods for early diagnosis, and prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs), using a literature review. The main risk factors for OASIs are nulliparity, instrumental delivery, posterior presentation, median episiotomy, prolonged second phase of labor and fetal macrosomia. Asian origin, short ano-vulvar distance, ligamentous hyperlaxity, lack of expulsion control, non-visualization of the perineum or maneuvers for shoulder dystocia also appear to be risk factors. There is a risk of under-diagnosis of OASIs in the labor ward. Experience of the accoucheur is a protective factor. Secondary prevention is based on the training of birth professionals in recognition and repair of OASIs. Primary prevention of OASIs is based on training in the maneuvers of the second phase of labor; if possible, instrumental extractions should be avoided. Mediolateral episiotomy may have a preventive role in high-risk OASIs deliveries. A robust predictive model is still lacking to allow a selective use of episiotomy.

Keywords: Accouchement; Anal incontinence; Anal sphincter tear; Childbirth; Episiotomy; Fecal incontinence; Forceps; Incontinence anale; Incontinence fécale; LOSA; OASIs; Prediction; Prédiction; Périnée complet; Épisiotomie.