Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Case Reports
. 2018 Mar 5;19(1):35.
doi: 10.1186/s12881-018-0546-4.

A case of an infant suspected as IMAGE syndrome who were finally diagnosed with MIRAGE syndrome by targeted Mendelian exome sequencing

Yoon-Myung Kim  1 , Go Hun Seo  1 , Gu-Hwan Kim  2 , Jung Min Ko  3 , Jin-Ho Choi  1 , Han-Wook Yoo  4
Affiliations
Case Reports

A case of an infant suspected as IMAGE syndrome who were finally diagnosed with MIRAGE syndrome by targeted Mendelian exome sequencing

Yoon-Myung Kim et al. BMC Med Genet. .

Abstract

Background: Adrenal hypoplasia is a rare congenital disorder, which can be classified into a non-syndromic form, without extra-adrenal features, and a syndromic form, with such features. Despite biochemical and molecular genetic evaluation, etiologic diagnosis cannot be performed in many patients with adrenal hypoplasia.

Case presentation: The patient in this case was a boy born at 31 weeks of gestation with a weight of 882 g (< 3rd percentile) to non-consanguineous parents. Genital examination showed micropenis and bilateral cryptorchidism. On the third day of life, he manifested hypotension with high urine output, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypernatriuria, high plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone level, and high plasma renin activity, suggesting acute adrenal insufficiency. The serum 17α-hydroxyprogesterone level was normal. Adrenal insufficiency improved following administration of hydrocortisone and 9α-fludrocortisone, but the patient died of recurrent infection at 4 months of age. He was suspected as IMAGE (Intrauterine growth restriction, Metaphyseal dysplasia, Adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and Genital anomalies) syndrome. However, no mutation in CDKN1C was identified. Targeted exome sequencing using the TruSight One Sequencing Panel (Illumina) identified a heterozygous mutation of c.2944C > T (p.R982C) in exon 3 in SAMD9.

Conclusion: This report describes the first Korean case of MIRAGE syndrome. The patient presented with severe primary adrenal insufficiency, intrauterine growth retardation, and recurrent infection. SAMD9 mutation should be considered in patients who present with adrenal hypoplasia and extra-adrenal phenotypes.

Keywords: Congenital adrenal hypoplasia; MIRAGE syndrome; SAMD9.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of Asan Medical Center. Written, informed consent to participate was obtained for all participants, or their guardians, before blood samples were drawn.

Consent for publication

Written consent was obtained from the parents of patient for the publication, including child’s data.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Mutation spectrum of SAMD9 gene in patients with MIRAGE syndrome. *, a mutation in the current study
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Partial sequence of the SAMD9 gene. Sanger sequencing of SAMD9 identified a heterozygous mutation of c.2944C > T (p.R982C) in exon 3
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, Barthel A, Don-Wauchope A, Hammer GD, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:364–389. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-1710. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Guran T, Buonocore F, Saka N, Ozbek MN, Aycan Z, Bereket A, et al. Rare causes of primary adrenal insufficiency: genetic and clinical characterization of a large Nationwide cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:284–292. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-3250. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Malikova J, Fluck CE. Novel insight into etiology, diagnosis and management of primary adrenal insufficiency. Horm Res Paediatr. 2014;82:145–157. doi: 10.1159/000363107. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chan LF, Campbell DC, Novoselova TV, Clark AJ, Metherell LA. Whole-exome sequencing in the differential diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency in children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015;6:113. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Suntharalingham JP, Buonocore F, Duncan AJ, Achermann JC. DAX-1 (NR0B1) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, NR5A1) in human disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;29:607–619. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.07.004. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Supplementary concepts

LinkOut - more resources