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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Mar 6;3(3):CD012282.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012282.pub2.

Fluvastatin for lowering lipids

Stephen P Adams  1 , Sarpreet S Sekhon, Michael Tsang, James M Wright
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Fluvastatin for lowering lipids

Stephen P Adams et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Fluvastatin is thought to be the least potent statin on the market, however, the dose-related magnitude of effect of fluvastatin on blood lipids is not known.

Objectives: Primary objectiveTo quantify the effects of various doses of fluvastatin on blood total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol), and triglycerides in participants with and without evidence of cardiovascular disease.Secondary objectivesTo quantify the variability of the effect of various doses of fluvastatin.To quantify withdrawals due to adverse effects (WDAEs) in randomised placebo-controlled trials.

Search methods: The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomised controlled trials up to February 2017: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2017, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1946 to February Week 2 2017), MEDLINE In-Process, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, Embase (1974 to February Week 2 2017), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, CDSR, DARE, Epistemonikos and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also contacted authors of relevant papers regarding further published and unpublished work. No language restrictions were applied.

Selection criteria: Randomised placebo-controlled and uncontrolled before and after trials evaluating the dose response of different fixed doses of fluvastatin on blood lipids over a duration of three to 12 weeks in participants of any age with and without evidence of cardiovascular disease.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed eligibility criteria for studies to be included, and extracted data. We entered data from placebo-controlled and uncontrolled before and after trials into Review Manager 5 as continuous and generic inverse variance data, respectively. WDAEs information was collected from the placebo-controlled trials. We assessed all trials using the 'Risk of bias' tool under the categories of sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other potential biases.

Main results: One-hundred and forty-five trials (36 placebo controlled and 109 before and after) evaluated the dose-related efficacy of fluvastatin in 18,846 participants. The participants were of any age with and without evidence of cardiovascular disease, and fluvastatin effects were studied within a treatment period of three to 12 weeks. Log dose-response data over doses of 2.5 mg to 80 mg revealed strong linear dose-related effects on blood total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and a weak linear dose-related effect on blood triglycerides. There was no dose-related effect of fluvastatin on blood HDL cholesterol. Fluvastatin 10 mg/day to 80 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 15% to 33%, total cholesterol by 11% to 25% and triglycerides by 3% to 17.5%. For every two-fold dose increase there was a 6.0% (95% CI 5.4 to 6.6) decrease in blood LDL cholesterol, a 4.2% (95% CI 3.7 to 4.8) decrease in blood total cholesterol and a 4.2% (95% CI 2.0 to 6.3) decrease in blood triglycerides. The quality of evidence for these effects was judged to be high. When compared to atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, fluvastatin was about 12-fold less potent than atorvastatin and 46-fold less potent than rosuvastatin at reducing LDL cholesterol. Very low quality of evidence showed no difference in WDAEs between fluvastatin and placebo in 16 of 36 of these short-term trials (risk ratio 1.52 (95% CI 0.94 to 2.45).

Authors' conclusions: Fluvastatin lowers blood total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride in a dose-dependent linear fashion. Based on the effect on LDL cholesterol, fluvastatin is 12-fold less potent than atorvastatin and 46-fold less potent than rosuvastatin. This review did not provide a good estimate of the incidence of harms associated with fluvastatin because of the short duration of the trials and the lack of reporting of adverse effects in 56% of the placebo-controlled trials.

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Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1
1
Fluvastatin flow diagram
2
2
Number of included studies according to publication year
3
3
Log dose fluvastatin response curve for total cholesterol Values represent the results of each trial for each dose comparison. The standard error bars cannot be seen because they all lie within the points
4
4
Log dose fluvastatin response curve for LDL cholesterol Values represent the results of each trial for each dose comparison. The standard error bars cannot be seen because they all lie within the points
5
5
Log dose fluvastatin response curve for triglycerides Values represent the results of each trial for each dose comparison. The standard error bars cannot be seen because they all lie within the points
6
6
'Risk of bias' graph: Summary of overall risk of bias for the lipid parameters according to each item.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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Jacotot 1994 {published data only}
    1. Jacotot B, Banga JD, Pfister P, Mehra M. Efficacy of a low dose‐range of fluvastatin (Xu‐62‐320) in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia ‐ a dose‐response study in 431 patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1994;38(3):257‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Jacotot 1995 {published data only}
    1. Jacotot B, Benghozi R, Pfister P, Holmes D. Comparison of fluvastatin versus pravastatin treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):54A‐6A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jarai 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jarai Z, Kapocsi J, Farsang C, Detki K, Pados G, Sebestyen Z, et al. [Effect of fluvastatin on serum lipid levels in essential hypertension]. Orvosi Hetilap 1996;137(34):1857‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jokubaitis 1994 {published data only}
    1. Jokubaitis LA, Knopp RH, Frohlich J. Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin in hyperlipidaemic patients with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Internal Medicine. Supplement 1994;736:103‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Khan 1999 {published data only}
    1. Khan F, Litchfield SJ, Stonebridge PA, Belch JJ. Lipid‐lowering and skin vascular responses in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and peripheral arterial obstructive disease. Vascular Medicine (London, England) 1999;4(4):233‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Klosiewicz‐Latoszek 2003 {published data only}
    1. Klosiewicz‐Latoszek L, Respondek W, Bialobrzeska‐Paluszkiewicz J, Grzybowska B, Jakobisiak‐Ostasz B, Stolarska I. Efficacy and safety of combined statin‐fenofibrates therapy compared with monotherapy in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia and high risk of coronary heart disease. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski : Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego 2003;15(85):42‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Koren 1999 {published data only}
    1. Koren M J, BakkerArkema RG. Achieving LDL goals: A comparison of four statins. Cardiology Review 1999;16(9):34‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00414495]
Kowalski 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kowalski J, Barylski M, Banach M, Grycewicz J, Irzmanski R, Pawlicki L. Neutrophil superoxide anion generation during atorvastatin and fluvastatin therapy used in coronary heart disease primary prevention. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2006;48(4):143‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kozlov 2000 {published data only}
    1. Kozlov SG, Lyakishev AA, Tvorogova MG. Assessment of efficacy of fluvastatin and fenofibrate in patients with noninsulin‐dependent diabetes with hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia. Kardiologiya 2000;40(5):4‐9. [WOS:000088205600001]
Lan 2001 {published data only}
    1. Lan W. Clinical features and risk of coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia and studies on hypolipidaemic drug treatment in Hong Kong Chinese. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global Ph.D.. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong), 2001. [ProQuest document ID 231403100]
LCAS 1997 {published data only}
    1. Aldrete VJ. Effects of fluvastatin on atherosclerosis [A propósito del estudio LCAS, efectos de la fluvastatina sobre la aterosclerosis]. Medicina Interna de Mexico 1998;14(3):I‐IV.
    1. Ballantyne CM, Herd JA, Ferlic LL, Dunn JK, Farmer JA, Jones PH, et al. Influence of low HDL on progression of coronary artery disease and response to fluvastatin therapy. Circulation 1999;99(6):736‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Leitersdorf 1994 {published data only}
    1. Leitersdorf E. Gender‐related response to fluvastatin in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs 1994;47(Supplement 2):54‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Leitersdorf 1995 {published data only}
    1. Leitersdorf E, Eisenberg S, Eliav O, Berkman N, Dann EJ, Landsberger D, et al. Efficacy and safety of high dose fluvastatin in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1993;45(6):513‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Leonhardt 1997 {published data only}
    1. Leonhardt W, Kurktschiev T, Meissner D, Lattke P, Abletshauser C, Weidinger G, et al. Effects of fluvastatin therapy on lipids, antioxidants, oxidation of low density lipoproteins and trace metals. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1997;53(1):65‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Leu 2004 {published data only}
    1. Leu HB, Wu CC, Wu TC, Lin SJ, Chen JW. Fluvastatin reduces oxidative stress, decreases serum monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 level and improves endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2004;103(12):914‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Leu 2005 {published data only}
    1. Leu H B, Chen J W, Wu T C, Ding Y A, Lin S J, Charng M J. Effects of fluvastatin, an HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor, on serum levels of interleukin‐18 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Clinical Cardiology 2005;28(9):423‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lin 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lin TH, Huang CH, Voon WC, Yen HW, Lai HM, Liang HY, et al. The effect of fluvastatin on fibrinolytic factors in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2000;16(12):600‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lintott 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lintott CJ, Scott RS, Bremer JM, Shand BI. Fluvastatin for dyslipoproteinemia, with or without concomitant chronic renal insufficiency. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):97A‐101A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
LIPS 2003 {published data only}
    1. Arampatzis CA, Goedhart D, Serruys PW, Saia F, Lemos PA, Feyter P, LIPS Investigators. Fluvastatin reduces the impact of diabetes on long‐term outcome after coronary intervention‐‐a Lescol Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS) substudy. American Heart Journal 2005;149(2):329‐35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Delea TE, Jacobson TA, Serruys PW, Edelsberg JS, Oster G. Cost‐effectiveness of fluvastatin following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2005;39(4):610‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Lorena 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lorena M, Perolini S, Casazza F, Milani M, Cimminiello C. Fluvastatin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in type IIA and IIB hyperlipidemia and in acute myocardial infarction. Thrombosis Research 1997;87(4):397‐403. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lunder 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lunder M, Janic M, Habjan S, Sabovic M. Subtherapeutic, low‐dose fluvastatin improves functional and morphological arterial wall properties in apparently healthy, middle‐aged males‐‐a pilot study. Atherosclerosis 2011;215(2):446‐51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lunder 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lunder M, Janic M, Jug B, Sabovic M. The effects of low‐dose fluvastatin and valsartan combination on arterial function: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Internal Medicine 2012;23(3):261‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lye 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lye M, Valacio R, Reckless JP, Ghosh AK, Findlay IN, Ghosh MK, et al. Elderly patients with hypercholesterolaemia: a double‐blind study of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of fluvastatin. Coronary Artery Disease 1998;9(9):583‐90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mark 2001 {published data only}
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Martin 2002 {published data only}
    1. Martin NI. [Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Fluvastatin auf die Mikrozirkulation bei Patienten mit Hypercholesterinamie durchgefuhrt mittels Laser Doppler Technik]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Dr.. Germany: Johann Wolfgang Goethe‐Universitaet Frankfurt am Main (Germany), 2002. [ProQuest document ID 305472562]
Marz 2001 {published data only}
    1. Marz W, Scharnagl H, Abletshauser C, Hoffmann MM, Berg A, Keul J, et al. Fluvastatin lowers atherogenic dense low‐density lipoproteins in postmenopausal women with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Circulation 2001;103(15):1942‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Milani 1995 {published data only}
    1. Milani M, Cimminiello C, Lorena M, Arpaia G, Soncini M, Bonfardeci G. Effects of two different HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors on thromboxane production in type IIA hypercholesterolemia. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 1996;50(6‐7):269‐74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Mirdamadi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mirdamadi HZ, Sztanek F, Derdak Z, Seres I, Harangi M, Paragh G. The human paraoxonase‐1 phenotype modifies the effect of statins on paraoxonase activity and lipid parameters. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2008;66(3):366‐74. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Moradmand 1998 {published data only}
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MUST 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dam MJ, Penn HJ, Hartog FR, Kragten HA, Trip Buirma RJ, Kastelein JJ, et al. A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of titrate‐to‐goal regimens of simvastatin and fluvastatin: a randomized, double‐blind study in adult patients at moderate to high risk for cardiovascular disease. Clinical Therapeutics 2001;23(3):467‐78. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nakaya 1995 {published data only}
    1. Nakaya N, Goto Y, Inoue T. [Clinical Effect of Fluvastatin (XU62‐320) on Hyperlipidemia: Comparative Study with Placebo in a Double‐Blind Method]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1995;11:213‐34. [CENTRAL: CN‐00545174]
Nash 1996 {published data only}
    1. Nash DT. Meeting national cholesterol education goals in clinical practice‐‐a comparison of lovastatin and fluvastatin in primary prevention. American Journal of Cardiology 1996;78(6A):26‐31. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
NOVARTIS 2005b {unpublished data only}
    1. NOVARTIS. A 16 week open label randomised prospective study on vasoprotective efficacy and safety if monotherapy fluvastatin extended release (XL) 80 mg or valsartan 160 mg and their combination in dyslipidemic patients with arterial hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. Study Number CXUO320BRU01 2005.
NOVARTIS 2006b {published data only}
    1. NOVARTIS. A sixteen‐week, double‐blind, double‐dummy, randomized, parallel‐group, multicenter, active controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of fluvastatin 80 mg slow release (SR) tablet compared to fluvastatin 40 mg immediate release capsule both once daily at bedtime in patients with mixed dyslipidemia or primary hypercholesterolemia. Study Number CXUO320B2302 2006.
Okopien 2005 {published data only}
    1. Okopien B, Krysiak R, Kowalski J, Madej A, Belowski D, Zielinski M, et al. Monocyte release of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐1beta in primary type IIa and IIb dyslipidemic patients treated with statins or fibrates. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2005;46(3):377‐86. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Olsson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Olsson AG, Pauciullo P, Soska V, Luley C, Pieters RE, Broda G, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of fluvastatin extended‐release and immediate‐release formulations in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia: a randomized trial. Clinical Therapeutics 2001;23(1):45‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Osamah 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hussein O, Schlezinger S, Rosenblat M, Keidar S, Aviram M. Reduced susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to lipid peroxidation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with the hypocholesterolemic effect of the drug and its binding to the LDL. Atherosclerosis 1997;128(1):11‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Ose 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ose L, Scott R, Brusco O, Ugarte AC, Descamps O, Heller F, et al. Double‐blind comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of simvastatin and fluvastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia. Clinical Drug Investigation 1995;10(3):127‐38. [EMBASE: 1995283964] - PubMed
Parks 2006 {unpublished data only}
    1. Parks MH. Study CXUO320BZA01. NDA 20‐261 and 21‐192 2006.
Perova 1996 {published data only}
    1. Aronov DM, Akhmedzhanov NM, Vartanova OA, Volchkova TM, Gratsianskii NA, Ivleva A Ia, et al. [The hypolipidemic effect of and tolerance for Lescol in treating hypercholesterolemia in hypertension patients (an analysis of the data from a multicenter study)]. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 1995;67(1):45‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Pinon 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pinon F, Merino JF, Ferrer JC, Martinez M, Vaya A, Aznar J. Plasma lipids and blood fluidity in patients with polygenic hypercholesterolaemia treated with fluvastatin. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 2002;27(3‐4):193‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Porsch‐Ozcurumez 2001 {published data only}
    1. Porsch‐Ozcurumez M, Hardt PD, Schnell‐Kretschmer H, Bergmann K, Darui C, Nonhoff J, et al. Effects of fluvastatin on biliary lipids in subjects with an elevated cholesterol saturation index. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2001;56(12):873‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Puccetti 2001 {published data only}
    1. Puccetti L, Bruni F, Bova G, Cercignani M, Palazzuoli A, Console E, et al. Effect of diet and treatment with statins on platelet‐dependent thrombin generation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 2001;11(6):378‐87. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Puccetti 2002 {published data only}
    1. Puccetti L, Pasqui A L, Pastorelli M, Bova G, Cercignani M, Palazzuoli A, et al. Time‐dependent effect of statins on platelet function in hypercholesterolaemia. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002;32(12):901‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Riegger 1999 {published data only}
    1. Riegger G, Abletshauser C, Ludwig M, Schwandt P, Widimsky J, Weidinger G, et al. The effect of fluvastatin on cardiac events in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease during one year of treatment. Atherosclerosis 1999;144(1):263‐70. - PubMed
Rywik 1997 {published data only}
    1. Rywik S, Klosiewicz‐Latoszek L, Broda G, Szostak WB. [Efficacy and safety of treating hyperlipidemia type II with fluvastatin in patients with arterial hypertension]. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 1997;3(13):13‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Saito 1995 {published data only}
    1. Saito Y, Goto Y, Yasugi T, Hata Y, Nakaya N, Nakashima M. [Clinical effect of fluvastatin (XU62‐320) on hyperlipidemia: double‐blind comparative dose‐finding study in three parallel groups]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1995;11:153‐80. [CENTRAL: CN‐00545455]
Saitta 2000 {published data only}
    1. Saitta A, Castaldo M, Sardo A, Saitta MN, Cinquegrani M, Bonaiuto M, et al. Effects of fluvastatin treatment on red blood cell Na+ transport systems in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2000;35(3):376‐82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sarano 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sarano NE, Kozlov SG, Tvorogova MG, Lyakishev AA, Naumov VG. Combination therapy with fluvastatin and fenofibrate in ischemic heart disease patients with combined hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Kardiologiia 2003;4(1):30‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sasaki 1995a {published data only}
    1. Sasaki J, Yamamoto K, Kobori Shozo, Setoguchi Y, Sakakida N, Matsunaga A, et al. [Effects of fluvastatin (XU62‐320), a new inhibitor of HMG‐CoA reductase, combined with niceritrol in primary hypercholesterolemic patients]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1995;11:279‐306. [CENTRAL: CN‐00542668]
Sasaki 1995b {published data only}
    1. Sasaki J, Yamamoto K, Kobori S, Setoguchi Y, Arakawa K. Effects of fluvastatin, a new inhibitor of HMG‐CoA reductase, and niceritrol on serum lipids, lipoproteins and cholesterol ester transfer activity in primary hypercholesterolemic patients. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1995;33(7):420‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Scharnagl 2006 {published data only}
    1. Scharnagl H, Vogel M, Abletshauser C, Freisinger F, Stojakovic T, Marz W. Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin‐extended release in hypercholesterolemic patients: morning administration is equivalent to evening administration. Cardiology 2006;106(4):241‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schulte 1996 {published data only}
    1. Levin LA, Schmidt A, Schulte K‐L, Beil S, Fager G. A comparison of clinical and pharmacoeconomic properties of fluvastatin and simvastatin in the management of primary hypercholesterolaemia. British Journal of Medical Economics. United Kingdom, 1997; Vol. 11, issue 1‐2:23‐35. [CENTRAL: CN‐00198776]
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Sejda 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sejda T, Jedliekova V, Svandova E, Poledne R. The effect of fluvastatin on cICAM‐1 as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction in patients with dyslipidemia. International Angiology 2006;25(4):414‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Seres 2005 {published data only}
    1. Seres I, Foris G, Pall D, Kosztaczky B, Paragh G Jr, Varga Z, et al. Angiotensin II‐induced oxidative burst is fluvastatin sensitive in neutrophils of patients with hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2005;54(9):1147‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sigurdsson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Sigurdsson G, Haraldsdottir SO, Melberg T H, Tikkanen MJ, Miettinen TE, Kristianson KJ. Simvastatin compared to fluvastatin in the reduction of serum lipids and apolipoproteins in patients with ischaemic heart disease and moderate hypercholesterolaemia. Acta Cardiologica 1998;53(1):7‐14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Singer 2002 {published data only}
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Smit 1999 {published data only}
    1. Smit JW, Bruin TW, Eekhoff EM, Glatz J, Erkelens DW. Combined hyperlipidemia is associated with increased exercise‐induced muscle protein release which is improved by triglyceride‐lowering intervention. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1999;48(12):1518‐23. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Sonmez 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sonmez A, Baykal Y, Kilic M, Yilmaz MI, Saglam K, Bulucu F, et al. Fluvastatin improves insulin resistance in nondiabetic dyslipidemic patients. Endocrine 2003;22(2):151‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sonmez 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sonmez A, Dogru T, Tasci I, Yilmaz M I, Pinar M, Naharci I, et al. The effect of fluvastatin on plasma adiponectin levels in dyslipidaemia. Clinical Endocrinology 2006;64(5):567‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Spieker 2000 {published data only}
    1. Spieker LE, Noll G, Hannak M, Luscher TF. Efficacy and tolerability of fluvastatin and bezafibrate in patients with hyperlipidemia and persistently high triglyceride levels. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2000;35(3):361‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sprecher 1994 {published data only}
    1. Jacobson TA. Combination drug therapy for hyperlipidemia associated included citation for the Sprecher 1994 trial. Clinical Cardiology 1994;17:IV28‐34.
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Stein 2008 {published data only}
    1. Novartis Pharma Services AG. A 12‐week multicentre, double blind, double dummy, randomized, parallel group, active controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of fluvastatin extended release (Lescol XL® 80 mg) alone or in combination with ezetimibe10 mg as compared to ezetimibe monotherapy, in dyslipidemic patients with previous history of muscular complaints with other statins. EU Clinical Trials Register 2005. [EUCTR2004‐004208‐19‐NO]
    1. Stein EA, Ballantyne CM, Windler E, Sirnes PA, Sussekov A, Yigit Z, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fluvastatin XL 80 mg alone, ezetimibe alone, and the combination of fluvastatin XL 80 mg with ezetimibe in patients with a history of muscle‐related side effects with other statins. American Journal of Cardiology 2008;101(4):490‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Stojakovic 2010 {published data only}
    1. EudraCt. Fluvastatin 80 mg ret. vs combination with ezetimib 10 mg. EU Clinical Trials Register Number 2004‐002535‐12 2004.
    1. Stojakovic T, Campo A, Scharnagl H, Sourij H, Schmolzer I, Wascher TC, et al. Differential effects of fluvastatin alone or in combination with ezetimibe on lipoprotein subfractions in patients at high risk of coronary events. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2010;40(3):187‐94. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Susekov 1998 {published data only}
    1. Susekov AV, Tvorogova MG, Surkova EV, Antsiferov MB, Kozlov SG, Titov VN, et al. Fluvastatin treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia in patients with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Kardiologiya 1998;38(3):33‐6. [WOS:000073083200007]
Tambaki 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tambaki AP, Rizos E, Tsimihodimos V, Tselepis AD, Elisaf M. Effects of antihypertensive and hypolipidemic drugs on plasma and high‐density lipoprotein‐associated platelet activating factor‐acetylhydrolase activity. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2004;9(2):91‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tan 1999 {published data only}
    1. Tan KC, Janus ED, Lam KS. Effects of fluvastatin on prothrombotic and fibrinolytic factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Cardiology 1999;84(8):934‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tazuma 1995 {published data only}
    1. Tazuma S, Ohya T, Mizuno T, Takizawa I, Kunita T, Takata K, et al. Effects of fluvastatin on human biliary lipids. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):110A‐3A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tekin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tekin A, Sezgin N, Katircibasi MT, Tekin G, Colkesen Y, Sezgin AT, et al. Short‐term effects of fluvastatin therapy on plasma interleukin‐10 levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Coronary Artery Disease 2008;19(7):513‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tomlinson 1995 {published data only}
    1. Tomlinson B, Mak T, Tsui JY, Woo J, Shek CC, Critchley JA, et al. Effects of fluvastatin on lipid profile and apolipoproteins in Chinese patients with hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):136A‐9A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tsirpanlis 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tsirpanlis G, Boufidou F, Manganas S, Chantzis K, Bleta A, Stamatelou K, et al. Treatment with fluvastatin rapidly modulates, via different pathways, and in dependence on the baseline level, inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Blood Purification 2004;22(6):518‐24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
TULIPS 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ilerigelen B, Uresin Y, San M, Kultursay H, Guneri S, Serdar OA, et al. Efficacy and safety of extended‐release fluvastatin in Turkish patients with hypercholesterolaemia: TULIPS (Turkish Lipid Study). Current Medical Research and Opinion 2007;23(5):1093‐102. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tvorogova 1998 {published data only}
    1. Tvorogova MG, Susekov AV, Semenova OA, Kukharchuk VV, Titov VN. [Variability of the hypolipidemic action of simvastatin and fluvastatin in patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia]. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 1998;70(12):8‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Valdivielso 2009 {published data only}
    1. Valdivielso P, Rioja J, Garcia‐Arias C, Sanchez‐Chaparro MA, Gonzalez‐Santos P. Omega 3 fatty acids induce a marked reduction of apolipoprotein B48 when added to fluvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes and mixed hyperlipidemia: a preliminary report. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2009;8:1. [DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-8-1; MEDLINE: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Visseren 2001 {published data only}
    1. Visseren FL, Bouter PK, Potter Van Loon BJ, Erkelens WD. Treatment of dyslipidemia with fluvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: effects on lipids, mental state and fibrinolysis. Clinical Drug Investigation 2001;21(10):671‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00394834]
Wang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Wang JQ, Gao LH, Liu GN, Qi GX, Zhou Y. Observation on effects of short term cholesterol‐lowering therapy with low‐dosage Fluvastatin on NO and endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia. [Chinese]. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin 2004;20(11):1284‐6. [EMBASE: 2005085572]
Wang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wang X Y, Teng Y L, Xin H X. [The Effect of Fluvastatin and Xuezh ik ang on Serum Lipid in Patients with Cerebral Infarction and Hyper Lipidemia]. China Foreign Medical Treatment [Zhong Wai Yi Liao] 2008;27(25):11‐2. [CENTRAL: CN‐00976678]
Watanabe 2001 {published data only}
    1. Watanabe S, Fukumoto S, Takeuchi Y, Fujita H, Nakano T, Fujita T. Effects of 1‐year treatment with fluvastatin or pravastatin on bone. American Journal of Medicine 2001;110(7):584‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Weiss 1998 {published data only}
    1. Weiss RJ. Fluvastatin titrate‐to‐goal clinical practice study. American Journal of Therapeutics 1998;5(5):281‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Winkler 2002 {published data only}
    1. Winkler K, Abletshauser C, Friedrich I, Hoffmann MM, Wieland H, Marz W. Fluvastatin slow‐release lowers platelet‐activating factor acetyl hydrolase activity: A placebo‐controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2004;89(3):1153‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Winkler K, Abletshauser C, Hoffmann MM, Friedrich I, Baumstark MW, Wieland H, et al. Effect of fluvastatin slow‐release on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: baseline LDL profile determines specific mode of action. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002;87(12):5485‐90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wittke 1999 {published data only}
    1. Wittke R. Effect of fluvastatin in combination with moderate endurance training on parameters of lipid metabolism. Sports Medicine 1999;27(5):329‐35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wu 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wu Chih‐Cheng, Hsu Tsui‐Lieh, Chiang Hung‐Ting, Ding Philip Yu‐An. Efficacy and safety of slow‐release fluvastatin 80 mg daily in Chinese patients with hypercholesterolemia. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA 2005;68(8):353‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yamagishi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Yamagishi T, Kato M, Koiwa Y, Omata K, Hasegawa H, Kanai H. Evaluation of plaque stabilization by fluvastatin with carotid intima‐ medial elasticity measured by a transcutaneous ultrasonic‐based tissue characterization system. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 2009;16(5):662‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yamamoto 1995 {published data only}
    1. Yamamoto T, Abe E, Kawahara J, Hamano K, Kagawa E, Kotake E. [Clinical safety and tolerability of long‐term treatment with fluvastatin (XU62‐320) in hypercholesterolemia: ophthalmological effect]. Rinsho Iyaku (Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines) 1995;11(3):651‐71. [CENTRAL: CN‐00599138]
Yasuda 2004 {published data only}
    1. Yasuda G, Kuji T, Hasegawa K, Ogawa N, Shimura G, Ando D, et al. Safety and efficacy of fluvastatin in hyperlipidemic patients with chronic renal disease. Renal Failure 2004;26(4):411‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zavoral 1996 {published data only}
    1. Deslypere JP. Clinical implications of the biopharmaceutical properties of fluvastatin. American Journal of Cardiology 1994;73(14):12D‐17D. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Troendle AJ. Clinical reviews of fluvastatin: Short‐term and long‐term data. Clinical Cardiology 1994;17(12 SUPPL.):IV11‐5. [EMBASE: 1994370091]
    1. Zavoral JH, Winick AG, Bergmann SD, Toth J, Haggerty BJ. Clinical experience with fluvastatin‐‐‐‐the first synthetic HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor. P & T Journal 1996;21(2):63‐78. [EMBASE: 1996069085]
Zhang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhang X, Li Q, Zhao J, Li X, Sun X, Yang H, et al. Effects of combination of statin and calcium channel blocker in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Coronary Artery Disease 2014;25(1):40‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Afzal 1999 {published data only}
    1. Afzal N, Raza SN, Nadeem MA, Khan JA, Israr M, Malik MA. Effect of fluvastatin on dyslipidaemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Specialist 1999;15(3):241‐8. [EMBASE: 29334056]
Akiyama 2001 {published data only}
    1. Akiyama T, Ishii T, Imanishi M, Nishioka T, Matsuura T, Kurita T. Efficacy and safety of treatment with low‐dose fluvastatin in hypercholesterolemic renal transplant recipients. Transplantation Proceedings 2001;33(3):2115‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Alaupovic 2006 {published data only}
    1. Alaupovic P, Attman P ‐O, Knight‐Gibson C, Mulec H, Weiss L, Samuelsson O. Effect of fluvastatin on apolipoprotein‐defined lipoprotein subclasses in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Kidney International 2006;69(10):1865‐71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ambrosi 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ambrosi P, Aillaud MF, Habib G, Kreitmann B, Metras D, Luccioni R, et al. Fluvastatin decreases soluble thrombomodulin in cardiac transplant recipients. Thrombosis & Haemostasis 2000;83(1):46‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Anderssen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Anderssen SA, Hjelstuen AK, Hjermann I, Bjerkan K, Holme I. Fluvastatin and lifestyle modification for reduction of carotid intima‐media thickness and left ventricular mass progression in drug‐treated hypertensives. Atherosclerosis 2005;178(2):387‐97. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Asztalos 2002 {published data only}
    1. Asztalos BF, Horvath KV, McNamara JR, Roheim PS, Rubinstein JJ, Schaefer EJ. Comparing the effects of five different statins on the HDL subpopulation profiles of coronary heart disease patients. Atherosclerosis 2002;164(2):361‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Austen 1996 {published data only}
    1. Austen JL, Shifrin FA, Bartucci MR, Knauss TC, Schulak JA, Hricik DE. Effects of fluvastatin on hyperlipidemia after renal transplantation: influence of steroid therapy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1996;30(12):1386‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ballantyne 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ballantyne CM, McKenney J, Trippe BS. Efficacy and safety of an extended‐release formulation of fluvastatin for once‐daily treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Cardiology 2000;86(7):759‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Benesic 2004 {published data only}
    1. Benesic A, Zilly M, Kluge F, Weissbrich B, Winzer R, Klinker H, et al. Lipid lowering therapy with fluvastatin and pravastatin in patients with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: comparison of efficacy and interaction with indinavir. Infection 2004;32(4):229‐33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Blann 2001 {published data only}
    1. Blann AD, Belgore F M, Constans J, Conri C, Lip GY. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor Flt‐1 in patients with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis and the effects of fluvastatin or fenofibrate. American Journal of Cardiology 2001;87(10):1160‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Brorholt‐Petersen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Brorholt‐Petersen JU, Jensen HK, Raungaard B, Gregersen N, Faergeman O. LDL‐receptor gene mutations and the hypocholesterolemic response to statin therapy. Clinical Genetics 2001;59(6):397‐405. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Broyles 1995 {published data only}
    1. Broyles FE, Walden CE, Hunninghake DB, Hill‐Williams D, Knopp RH. Effect of fluvastatin on intermediate density lipoprotein (remnants) and other lipoprotein levels in hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):129A‐35A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chen L Q, Sun X F, Fang MJ. [Effect of fluvastatin on plasma endothelin and platelet aggregation in elderly hypertensive patients with hypercholeoterolemia]. Geriatrics and Health Care 2001;3(1):5‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00429264]
Eagles 1996 {published data only}
    1. Eagles CJ, Kendall MJ, Maxwell S. A comparison of the effects of fluvastatin and bezafibrate on exercise metabolism: a placebo‐controlled study in healthy normolipidaemic subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1996;41(5):381‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Eichstadt 1995 {published data only}
    1. Eichstadt HW, Abletshauser CB, Stork T, Weidinger G. Beneficial effects of fluvastatin on myocardial blood flow at two time‐points in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2000;35(5):735‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Eichstadt HW, Eskotter H, Hoffman I, Amthauer HW, Weidinger G. Improvement of myocardial perfusion by short‐term fluvastatin therapy in coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):122A‐5A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ersoy 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ersoy A, Eryilmaz S, Yildiz A, Ersoy C, Cuma Gul B, Baran I. Does fluvastatin improve arterial functions in dyslipidemic renal transplant recipients?. Biomedical Research (India) 2014;25(2):157‐60. [EMBASE: 2014179775]
EudraCt 2006 {published data only}
    1. EudraCt. Niaspan in combination with fluvastatin compared to fluvastatin‐monotherapy fpr patients with metabolic syndrome ‐ niaspan in combination with fluvasttin compared to fluvastatin monotherapy for metabolic syndrome. EudraCT Number 2005‐003812‐31 2006.
Ghods 1995a {published data only}
    1. Ghods A J, Milanian I, Arghani H, Ghadiri G. The efficacy and safety of fluvastatin in hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation Proceedings 1995;27(5):2579‐80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Goldberg 1996 {published data only}
    1. Goldberg R, Roth D. Evaluation of fluvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant recipients taking cyclosporine. Transplantation 1996;62(11):1559‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Goldberg RB, Roth D. A preliminary report of the safety and efficacy of fluvastatin for hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):107A‐9A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gomez 1999 {published data only}
    1. Gomez G, Alvarez ML, Errasti P, Lavilla FJ, Garcia N, Ballester B, et al. Fluvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in renal transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 1999;31(6):2326‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gottsater 1999 {published data only}
    1. Gottsater A, Anwaar I, Lind P, Mattiasson I, Lindgarde F. Increasing plasma fibrinogen, but unchanged levels of intraplatelet cyclic nucleotides, plasma endothelin‐1, factor VII, and neopterin during cholesterol lowering with fluvastatin. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 1999;10(3):133‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Guethlin 1999 {published data only}
    1. Guethlin M, Kasel AM, Coppenrath K, Ziegler S, Delius W, Schwaiger M. Delayed response of myocardial flow reserve to lipid‐lowering therapy with fluvastatin. Circulation 1999;99(4):475‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gurgun 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gurgun C, Ildizli M, Yavuzgil O, Sin A, Apaydin A, Cinar C, et al. The effects of short term statin treatment on left ventricular function and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 2008;123(2):102‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Haasis 1996 {published data only}
    1. Haasis R, Berger J. Fluvastatin vs. lovastatin in primary hypercholesterolemia associated excluded citation for the Haasis 1996 trial. Herz Kreislauf 1995;27(11):375‐80. [CENTRAL: CN‐00170685]
    1. Haasis R, Berger J, Andersson F, Kartman B, Juan J. A pharmacoeconomic evaluation of fluvastatin and lovastatin in primary hypercholesterolaemia. British Journal of Medical Economics 1996;10(2):145‐57. [CENTRAL: CN‐00181303]
Hagen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hagen E, Istad H, Ose L, Bodd E, Eriksen HM, Selvig V, et al. Fluvastatin efficacy and tolerability in comparison and in combination with cholestyramine. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1994;46(5):445‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Haramaki 2007 {published data only}
    1. Haramaki N, Ikeda H, Takenaka K, Katoh A, Sugano R, Yamagishi S, et al. Fluvastatin alters platelet aggregability in patients with hypercholesterolemia: possible improvement of intraplatelet redox imbalance via HMG‐CoA reductase. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2007;27(6):1471‐7. - PubMed
He 2001 {published data only}
    1. He X L. Fluvastatin versus pravastatin in treating hyperlipidemia. China Pharmacist 2001;20(3):165‐7.
He 2007 {published data only}
    1. He BR, Jiang LY, Xiong JF, Li D M. [Effect of Xue Zhi Kang on blood fat and C‐reactive protein of aged people]. Zhejiang Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine [zhe Jiang Zhong Xi Yi Jie He za Zhi] 2007;17(10):608. [CENTRAL: CN‐00976312 NEW]
Hilleman 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hilleman DE, Woodruff MP, Holmberg MJ, Wurdeman RL, Seyedroudbari A. Comparative cost effectiveness of fluvastatin and lovastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 2000;6(May‐Jun):241‐6.
Holdaas 1995 {published data only}
    1. Fellstrom B, Holdaas H, Jardine AG, Holme I, Nyberg G, Fauchald P, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on renal end points in the Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplant (ALERT) trial. Kidney international 2004;66(4):1549‐55. - PubMed
    1. Holdaas H, Fellstrom B, Jardine AG, Holme I, Nyberg G, Fauchald P, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomised, placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 2003;361(9374):2024‐31. - PubMed
    1. Holdaas H, Hartmann A, Stenstrom J, Dahl K J, Borge M, Pfister P. Effect of fluvastatin for safely lowering atherogenic lipids in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):102A‐6A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hongo 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hongo M, Tsutsui H, Mawatari E, Hidaka H, Kumazaki S, Yazaki Y, et al. Fluvastatin improves arterial stiffness in patients with coronary artery disease and hyperlipidemia: a 5‐year follow‐up study. Circulation Journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2008;72(5):722‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Illingworth 1996 {published data only}
    1. Illingworth DR, Stein EA, Knopp RH, Hunninghake DB, Davidson MH. A randomized multicenter trial comparing the efficacy of simvastatin and fluvastatin. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1996;1(1):23‐30. - PubMed
Inoue 2011a {published data only}
    1. Inoue T, Ikeda H, Nakamura T, Abe S, Taguchi I, Kikuchi M, et al. Potential benefit of statin therapy for dyslipidemia with chronic kidney disease: Fluvastatin Renal Evaluation Trial (FRET). Internal Medicine 2011;50(12):1273‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Koizumi 1995 {published data only}
    1. Koizumi J, Haraki T, Yagi K, Inazu A, Kajinami K, Miyamoto S, et al. Clinical efficacy of fluvastatin in the long‐term treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):47A‐50A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kuril'skaia 1997 {published data only}
    1. Kuril'skaia TE, Tarabrin AL, Kuznetsova EE, Leont'eva VG, Chizhova EA, Misharina NP, et al. [The effect of fluvastatin (Lescol) treatment on the clinical status and function of the liver in patients with ischemic heart disease]. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 1997;69(2):55‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lal 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lal SM, Gupta N, Georgiev O, Ross G Jr. Lipid‐lowering effects of fluvastatin in renal transplant patients. A clinical observation. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1997;20(1):18‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Li 1995 {published data only}
    1. Li PK, Mak TW, Chan TH, Wang A, Lam CW, Lai KN. Effect of fluvastatin on lipoprotein profiles in treating renal transplant recipients with dyslipoproteinemia. Transplantation 1995;60(7):652‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locsey 1997 {published data only}
    1. Locsey L, Asztalos L, Kincses Z, Balazs G. Fluvastatin (Lescol) treatment of hyperlipidaemia in patients with renal transplants. International Urology & Nephrology 1997;29(1):95‐106. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Marcus 1994 {published data only}
    1. Marcus A. Fluvastatin titrate‐to‐goal clinical practice study: Interim results. Clinical Cardiology 1994;17(12 Suppl):IV16‐IV20. [EMBASE: 1994370092]
Mattu 2000 {published data only}
    1. Mattu Siddiqui AM, Khalil A, Durrani N, Ahmad H, M A Mattu A M Siddiqui A Khalil NDurrani. A clinical trial of fluvastatin in hypertensive patients. Pakistan Heart Journal 2000;33(3‐4):11‐15. [CENTRAL: CN‐00746496]
Matzkies 1999 {published data only}
    1. Matzkies FK, Bahner U, Teschner M, Hohage H, Heidland A, Schaefer RM. Efficiency of 1‐year treatment with fluvastatin in hyperlipidemic patients with nephrotic syndrome. American Journal of Nephrology 1999;19(4):492‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Merck Sharp & Dohme 2015 {published data only}
    1. Merck Sharp, Dohme Corp. Observational study of approaches to lipid‐lowering therapy in Russian patients with coronary heart disease <<Treat to Goal>> (Study P05464). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00730132 2015.
Miwa 2005 {published data only}
    1. Miwa S, Watada H, Omura C, Takayanagi N, Nishiyama K, Tanaka Y, et al. Anti‐oxidative effect of fluvastatin in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients. Endocrine Journal 2005;52(2):259‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Murdock 1999 {published data only}
    1. Murdock DK, Murdock AK, Murdock RW, Olson KJ, Frane AM, Kersten ME, et al. Long‐term safety and efficacy of combination gemfibrozil and HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors for the treatment of mixed lipid disorders. American Heart Journal 1999;138(1 Pt 1):151‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
NOVARTIS 2003 {unpublished data only}
    1. NOVARTIS. An open‐label prospective multicentre study to determine the efficacy, tolerability and effect on patientcompliance of fluvastatin 80 mg treatment in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Study Number CXUO320BTR02 2003.
NOVARTIS 2004 {published data only}
    1. NOVARTIS. A double‐blind, randomised, placebo ‐controlled, 4‐armed, 3‐period cross‐over study to investigatethe effect on endothelial function of the combination therapy fluvastatin 80 mg SR and valsartan 160 mg,monotherapy fluvastatin 80 mg SR, and monotherapy valsartan 160 mg in comparison to placebo inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study Number CXUO320DE21 2004.
NOVARTIS 2006a {published data only}
    1. NOVARTIS. A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, 5‐week cross‐over study to investigate pleiotropic effectsof fluvastatin 80 mg ER and fluvastatin 40 mg bid IR in comparison to placebo in patientswith Metabolic Syndrome. Study Number CXUO230BDE30 2006.
NOVARTIS 2012 {published data only}
    1. NOVARTIS. Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin sodium extended release tablets 80 mg once daily in Chinese patients with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01551173 2012.
O'Rourke 2004 {published data only}
    1. O'Rourke B, Barbir M, Mitchell AG, Yacoub MH, Banner NR. Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin therapy for hypercholesterolemia after heart transplantation: results of a randomised double blind placebo controlled study. International Journal of Cardiology 2004;94(2‐3):235‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ostadal 2010 {published data only}
    1. Novartis. Fluvastatin in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (FACS study). Study Number: CXUO320BCZ01 2006.
    1. Novartis. Fluvastatin in the therapy of Acute Coronary Syndrome. ClinicalTrials.gov 2010. [NCT00171275]
    1. Ostadal P, Alan D, Vejvoda J, Kukacka J, Macek M, Hajek P, et al. Fluvastatin in the First‐line therapy of Acute Coronary Syndrome: results of the multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial (the FACS‐trial). Trials [Electronic Resource] 2010;11:61. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Paragh 1999 {published data only}
    1. Paragh G, Balogh Z, Kakuk G, Kovacs P. Comparison of the lipid‐lowering effects of fluvastatin, lovastatin and simvastatin in patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia. An internally controlled clinical study. Clinical Drug Investigation 1999;18(3):209‐15. [EMBASE: 1999338979]
Peters 1994 {published data only}
    1. Peters TK, Muratti EN, Mehra M. Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin in women with primary hypercholesterolemia. Drugs 1994;47(Suppl 2):64‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Podder 1997 {published data only}
    1. Podder H, Gero L, Foldes K, Szabo J, Lazar N, Jaray J. Treatment of metabolic disorders with fluvastatin after renal transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 1997;29(1‐2):216‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rindone 1998 {published data only}
    1. Rindone JP, Hiller D, Arriola G. A comparison of fluvastatin 40 mg every other day versus 20 mg every day in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18(4):836‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Robertsen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Robertsen I, Asberg A, Granseth T, Vethe NT, Akhlaghi F, Ghareeb M, et al. More potent lipid‐lowering effect by rosuvastatin compared with fluvastatin in everolimus‐treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2014;97(12):1266‐71. - PMC - PubMed
Romano 2000 {published data only}
    1. Romano M, Mezzetti A, Marulli C, Ciabattoni G, Febo F, Ienno S, et al. Fluvastatin reduces soluble P‐selectin and ICAM‐1 levels in hypercholesterolemic patients: role of nitric oxide. Journal of Investigative Medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 2000;48(3):183‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Samuelsson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Samuelsson O, Attman PO, Knight‐Gibson C, Mulec H, Weiss L, Alaupovic P. Fluvastatin improves lipid abnormalities in patients with moderate to advanced chronic renal insufficiency. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002;39(1):67‐75. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sasaki 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sasaki S, Nakagawa M, Nakata T, Endo N, Miyao K, Kitamura K, et al. Efficacy and safety of the 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor fluvastatin in hyperlipidemic patients treated with probucol. Cardiology 1997;88(2):160‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schaefer 2004 {published data only}
    1. Schaefer EJ, McNamara JR, Tayler T, Daly JA, Gleason JL, Seman LJ, et al. Comparisons of effects of statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin) on fasting and postprandial lipoproteins in patients with coronary heart disease versus control subjects. American Journal of Cardiology 2004;93(1):31‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schobel 1998 {published data only}
    1. Schobel HP, Schmieder RE. Vasodilatory capacity of forearm resistance vessels is augmented in hypercholesterolemic patients after treatment with fluvastatin. Angiology 1998;49(9):743‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schrama 1998 {published data only}
    1. Schrama YC, Hene RJ, Jonge N, Joles JA, Rijn HJ, Bar DR, et al. Efficacy and muscle safety of fluvastatin in cyclosporine‐treated cardiac and renal transplant recipients: an exercise provocation test. Transplantation 1998;66(9):1175‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Setiawati 2008 {published data only}
    1. Setiawati A, Darmansjah I. Safety and tolerability of fluvastatin XL in the treatment of hyper‐cholesterolemia: A postmarketing surveillance conducted in Indonesia. Medical Journal of Indonesia 2008;17:88‐95.
Sheridan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sheridan DA, Bridge SH, Crossey MME, Felmlee DJ, Fenwick FI, Thomas HC, et al. Omega‐3 fatty acids and/or fluvastatin in hepatitis C prior non‐responders to combination antiviral therapy ‐ a pilot randomised clinical trial. Liver International 2014;34(5):737‐47. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Smit 1995 {published data only}
    1. Smit JW, Wijnne HJ, Schobben F, Sitsen A, Erkelens D W. Effects of alcohol and fluvastatin on lipid metabolism and hepatic function. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995;122(9):678‐80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Teramoto 1995 {published data only}
    1. Teramoto T, Goto Y, Kurokawa K, Nakamura H, Yoshida S, Saito Y, et al. Clinical efficacy of fluvastatin for hyperlipidemia in Japanese patients. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):33A‐6A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Turk 2001 {published data only}
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van der Graaf 2006 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

Adams 2016
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