Prostate cancer in Asia: A collaborative report

Rui Chen¹, Shancheng Ren¹; Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium; Ming Kwong Yiu², Ng Chi Fai³, Wai Sam Cheng⁴, Lap Hong Ian⁵, Seiji Naito⁶, Tadashi Matsuda⁷, Elijah Kehinde⁸, Ali Kural⁹, Jason Yichun Chiu¹⁰, Rainy Umbas¹¹, Qiang Wei¹², Xiaolei Shi¹, Liqun Zhou¹³, Jian Huang¹⁴, Yiran Huang¹⁵, Liping Xie¹⁶, Lulin Ma¹⁷, Changjun Yin¹⁸, Danfeng Xu¹⁹, Kexin Xu²⁰, Zhangqun Ye²¹, Chunxiao Liu²², Dingwei Ye²³, Xin Gao²⁴, Qiang Fu²⁵, Jianquan Hou²⁶, Jianlin Yuan²⁷, Dalin He²⁸, Tiejun Pan²⁹, Qiang Ding³⁰, Fengshuo Jin³¹, Benkang Shi³², Gongxian Wang³³, Xiuheng Liu³⁴, Dongwen Wang³⁵, Zhoujun Shen³⁶, Xiangbo Kong³⁷, Wanhai Xu³⁸, Yaoliang Deng³⁹, Haibo Xia⁴⁰, Alexa N Cohen⁴¹, Xu Gao¹, Chuanliang Xu¹, Yinghao Sun¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
² Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
³ Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
⁴ Urology Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
⁵ Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário (CHCSJ) Hospital, Macau, China.
⁶ Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
⁷ Department of Urology and Andrology, Hirakata Hospital, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
⁸ Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
⁹ Department of Urology, Istanbul Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹⁰ Department of Urology, Taipei City Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, China.
¹¹ Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
¹² Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
¹³ Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China.
¹⁴ Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
¹⁵ Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
¹⁶ Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
¹⁷ Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
¹⁸ State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
¹⁹ Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
²⁰ Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
²¹ Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
²² Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
²³ Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai, China.
²⁴ Department of Urology, 3rd Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
²⁵ Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
²⁶ The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
²⁷ Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
²⁸ Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
²⁹ Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, China.
³⁰ Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
³¹ Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing, China.
³² Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
³³ Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
³⁴ Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
³⁵ Department of Urology, First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
³⁶ Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
³⁷ Department of Urinary Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
³⁸ Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
³⁹ The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
⁴⁰ Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng College, Chifeng, China.
⁴¹ Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

PMID: 29511634
PMCID: PMC5832886
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2014.08.007

Prostate cancer in Asia: A collaborative report

Rui Chen et al. Asian J Urol. 2014 Oct.

. 2014 Oct;1(1):15-29.

doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2014.08.007. Epub 2015 Apr 16.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
² Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
³ Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
⁴ Urology Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
⁵ Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário (CHCSJ) Hospital, Macau, China.
⁶ Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
⁷ Department of Urology and Andrology, Hirakata Hospital, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
⁸ Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
⁹ Department of Urology, Istanbul Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹⁰ Department of Urology, Taipei City Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, China.
¹¹ Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
¹² Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
¹³ Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China.
¹⁴ Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
¹⁵ Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
¹⁶ Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
¹⁷ Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
¹⁸ State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
¹⁹ Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
²⁰ Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
²¹ Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
²² Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
²³ Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai, China.
²⁴ Department of Urology, 3rd Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
²⁵ Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
²⁶ The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
²⁷ Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
²⁸ Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
²⁹ Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, China.
³⁰ Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
³¹ Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing, China.
³² Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
³³ Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
³⁴ Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
³⁵ Department of Urology, First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
³⁶ Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
³⁷ Department of Urinary Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
³⁸ Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
³⁹ The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
⁴⁰ Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng College, Chifeng, China.
⁴¹ Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

PMID: 29511634
PMCID: PMC5832886
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2014.08.007

Abstract

The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) within Asian population used to be much lower than in the Western population; however, in recent years the incidence and mortality rate of PCa in some Asian countries have grown rapidly. This collaborative report summarized the latest epidemiology information, risk factors, and racial differences in PCa diagnosis, current status and new trends in surgery management and novel agents for castration-resistant prostate cancer. We believe such information would be helpful in clinical decision making for urologists and oncologists, health-care ministries and medical researchers.

Keywords: Asian population; Epidemiology; Prostate cancer; Racial differences; Risk factors; Surgery management.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

**Figure 1**
(A) Incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000) in Asian countries and regions in 2012. (B) Incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000) in different Asian regions in 2012. (C) Mortality/incidence ratios in Asian countries and regions in 2012 (Age specific rate, ASR). Data sources: GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 11 [Internet].

**Figure 2**
PSA distributions of patients who underwent biopsies in selected Asian countries and regions. Data sources: Mainland, China: Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium (CPCC) statistics; Hong Kong, China: from HKU (Hong Kong University) and CUHK (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) university hospitals; Singapore: Robotic Transperineal Biopsy of Prostate Database of Singapore General Hospital; Indonesia: Database of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. Macau, China: PMID 18304459; Korea: PMID 18158028; India: PMID 25109719.

**Figure 3**
Prostate cancer detection rate of patients with different PSA levels in Asian countries and regions. Data sources: Indonesia: Hospital data, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. (2011–2013); Singapore: Robotic Transperineal Biopsy of Prostate Database of Singapore General Hospital; Taiwan, China: PMID 9610567; Hong Kong, China: from HKU (Hong Kong University) and CUHK (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) university hospitals; Japan: PMID 9861233; India: PMID 25109719; Korea: PMID 18158028; Macau, China: PMID 18304459; Turkey: Ferruh Zorlu et al., Prostate Cancer Incidence in Turkey: An Epidemiological Study, Accepted for publication in the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 15 (August 19, 2014).

**Figure 4**
Gleason score of prostate cancer patients at diagnosis in Asian countries and regions. Data sources: Macau, China: PMID 18304459; Turkey: Ferruh Zorlu et al., Prostate Cancer Incidence in Turkey: An Epidemiological Study, Accepted for publication in the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 15 (August 19, 2014); Kuwait: Database of Mubarak Al-Kabeer Teaching Hospital, Kuwait; Hong Kong, China: from HKU (Hong Kong University) and CUHK (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) university hospitals; Singapore: Cancer Registry Singapore General Hospital; Taiwan, China: PMID 17482934; Indonesia: Hospital data, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia (2011–2013).

**Figure 5**
Stages of diagnosed prostate cancer in (A) Asian countries and regions; (B) Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium hospitals in past 6 years. Data sources: Turkey: Ferruh Zorlu et al., Prostate Cancer Incidence in Turkey: An Epidemiological Study, Accepted for publication in the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 15 (August 19, 2014); Japan: Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 Aug 6. pii: hyu104. (Epub ahead of print); Singapore: Cancer Registry Singapore General Hospital; Macau, China: 55.1% for localized PCa, 30.5% for non-localized PCa and 14.4% not available. PMID 18304459; CPCC: CPCC member hospitals statistics; Hong Kong, China: from HKU (Hong Kong University) and CUHK (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) university hospitals; Taiwan, China: PMID 17482934; Indonesia: Hospital data, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. (2011–2013); Kuwait: Database of Mubarak Al-Kabeer Teaching Hospital, Kuwait.

**Figure 6**
Changes of prostatectomy type in Prostate Cancer Consortium hospitals from 2006 to 2013. Data sources: CPCC member hospitals data. RALP, robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy; LRP, laparoscopic radical prostatectomy; RRP, retropubic radical prostatectomy.

**Figure 7**
Number of completed and on-going clinical trials of five novel agents for CRPC worldwide. Data sources: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/, searched on Aug 31, 2014.

**Figure 8**
Prostate-cancer-related research papers by countries. Data sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, searched on Aug 31, 2014.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Prostate cancer in Asia: A collaborative report

Affiliations

Prostate cancer in Asia: A collaborative report

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Figures

References

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