Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2018 Mar 7;10(3):113.
doi: 10.3390/toxins10030113.

Individual and Combined Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Feed Ingredients and Complete Feeds in China

Rui Ma  1   2 , Lei Zhang  3   4 , Meng Liu  5   6 , Yong-Teng Su  7 , Wen-Mei Xie  8 , Ni-Ya Zhang  9   10 , Jie-Fan Dai  11 , Yun Wang  12 , Shahid Ali Rajput  13   14 , De-Sheng Qi  15   16 , Niel Alexander Karrow  17 , Lv-Hui Sun  18   19
Affiliations

Individual and Combined Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Feed Ingredients and Complete Feeds in China

Rui Ma et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the individual and combined contamination of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in feedstuffs from different Provinces of China between 2016 and 2017. A total of 1569 samples, including 742 feed ingredients and 827 complete pig feed samples, were collected from various regions of China for mycotoxins analysis. The results showed that individual occurrence rates of AFB₁, ZEN, and DON were more than 83.3%, 88%, and 74.5%, respectively, in all the tested samples. DON was the most prevalent contaminant, followed by ZEN and AFB₁, with the average concentrations ranging from 450.0-4381.5 μg/kg, 2.3-729.2 μg/kg, and 1.3-10.0 μg/kg, respectively. Notable, 38.2%, 10.8%, and 0.6% of complete pig feeds were contaminated with DON, ZEN, and AFB₁ over China's regulatory limits, respectively. Moreover, over 75.0% analyzed samples were co-contaminated with two or three mycotoxins. In conclusion, the current study revealed that the feedstuffs in China were severely contaminated with DON, followed by ZEN and AFB₁ during the past two years. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring mycotoxins in livestock feed and implementing feed management and bioremediation strategies to reduce mycotoxin exposure.

Keywords: China; aflatoxin B1; deoxynivalenol; feedstuffs; zearalenone.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Steyn P.S. Mycotoxins, general view, chemistry and structure. Toxicol. Lett. 1995;82:843–851. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03525-7. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Jard G., Liboz T., Mathieu F., Guyonvarc’h A., Lebrihi A. Review of mycotoxin reduction in food and feed: From prevention in the field to detoxification by adsorption or transformation. Food Addit. Contam. Part A. 2011;28:1590–1609. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2011.595377. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Milani J. Ecological conditions affecting mycotoxin production in cereals: A review. Vet. Med. 2013;58:405–411. doi: 10.17221/6979-VETMED. - DOI
    1. Sun L.H., Lei M.Y., Zhang N.Y., Zhao L., Krumm C.S., Qi D.S. Hepatotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2014;74:289–293. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.020. - DOI - PubMed
    1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans—Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs. Volumes 1–42 IARC; Lyon, France: 1987. - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources