Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for control of microbial biofilms: a review

Abstract

Since the dawn of civilization, it has been understood that pathogenic microorganisms cause infectious conditions in humans, which at times, may prove fatal. Among the different virulent properties of microorganisms is their ability to form biofilms, which has been directly related to the development of chronic infections with increased disease severity. A problem in the elimination of such complex structures (biofilms) is resistance to the drugs that are currently used in clinical practice, and therefore, it becomes imperative to search for new compounds that have anti-biofilm activity. In this context, nanotechnology provides secure platforms for targeted delivery of drugs to treat numerous microbial infections that are caused by biofilms. Among the many applications of such nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems is their ability to enhance the bioactive potential of therapeutic agents. The present study reports the use of important nanoparticles, such as liposomes, microemulsions, cyclodextrins, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and metallic nanoparticles, in controlling microbial biofilms by targeted drug delivery. Such utilization of these nanosystems has led to a better understanding of their applications and their role in combating biofilms.

Keywords: anti-biofilm activity; microbial biofilms; nanotechnology systems.

Figure 1

Stages of microbial biofilm formation over a surface. Notes: The stages include: adherence of microbial cells (1), reversible adhesion (2), irreversible adhesion (3), maturation (4), and detachment of cells (5). The arrows explain the migration of single cells and pieces of biofilm in EPS matrix that are released after the detachment stage, and the capacity to restart the formation process. Abbreviation: EPS, extracellular polymeric substances.

Figure 2

Interactions of nanoparticles based in drug delivery system on biofilm formation process. Notes: Interaction of nanoparticles based in drug delivery systems in different stages of biofilm formation (A): adherence of microbial cells (1), reversible adhesion (2), irreversible adhesion (3), maturation (4), and detachment of cells (5). Nanoparticles interaction with single cells (B) and EPS matrix (C). Abbreviation: EPS, extracellular polymeric substances.

Figure 3

Structure of liposomes.

Figure 4

Micro- and nanoemulsion structure: oil-in-water and water-in-oil.

Figure 5

Structure and properties of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin.

Figure 6

Solid lipid nanoparticles structure.

Figure 7

Polymeric nanoparticles structure for drug delivery.