Assessment and management of fluid overload in children on dialysis

Abstract

Dysregulation of intravascular fluid leads to chronic volume overload in children with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Sequelae include left ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling and impaired cardiac function. As a result, cardiovascular complications are the commonest cause of mortality in the pediatric dialysis population. The clinical need to optimize intravascular volume in children with ESKD is clear; however, its assessment and management is the most challenging aspect of the pediatric dialysis prescription. Minimizing chronic fluid overload is a key priority; however, excessive ultrafiltration is toxic to the myocardium and can precipitate intradialytic symptoms. This review outlines emerging objective techniques to enhance the assessment of fluid overload in children on dialysis and outlines evidence for current management strategies to address this clinical problem.

Keywords: Children; Dialysis; Fluid balance; Hypertension; Ultrasonography.

Fig. 1

Summary of objective techniques to enhance clinical assessment of fluid overload. NT-Pro BNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuetic peptide, IVC inferior vena cava

Fig. 2

Summary of management strategies to minimize fluid overload. PD peritoneal dialysis, HD hemodialysis