Obesity-Related Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction: The Mechanistic Rationale for Combining Inhibitors of Aldosterone, Neprilysin, and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2

Abstract

Obesity-related heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is an important phenotype prevalent in the community, especially in people with metabolic disorders (e.g., dyslipidemia, diabetes). These individuals exhibit a marked expansion of plasma volume, but ventricular distensibility is limited, most likely as a result of cardiac microvascular rarefaction acting in concert with myocardial and pericardial fibrosis. Consequently, the increase in plasma volume causes a disproportionate increase in cardiac filling pressures, leading to heart failure, even though systolic ejection is not impaired. The features of this syndrome appear to be related (in part) to the overproduction of adipocyte-derived cell-signaling molecules, including aldosterone and neprilysin. The resulting sodium retention and plasma volume expansion is exacerbated by their mutual actions to promote cardiac and systemic inflammation and fibrosis. Inhibitors of aldosterone, neprilysin, and the sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT2) can ameliorate the plasma volume expansion and pro-inflammatory and profibrotic pathways, potentially opposing the action of diverse adipocytokines. All 3 classes of drugs can reduce the quantity of visceral adipose tissue and ameliorate its abnormal biological properties. This mechanistic framework is supported by the results of large-scale randomized trials with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and SGLT2 inhibitors and is being further tested in an ongoing large-scale trial of neprilysin inhibition. The promise of using mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, neprilysin inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors (alone or in combination) in the management of obesity-related HFpEF suggests that physicians might finally have a phenotype of HFpEF that they can understand and treat.

Keywords: aldosterone; heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction; neprilysin; obesity.