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. 2018 Jul;101(4):578-584.
doi: 10.1111/cxo.12661. Epub 2018 Mar 13.

Screening for convergence insufficiency in school-age children

Anne M Menjivar  1 , Marjean T Kulp  1 , G Lynn Mitchell  1 , Andrew J Toole  1 , Kathleen Reuter  1
Affiliations

Screening for convergence insufficiency in school-age children

Anne M Menjivar et al. Clin Exp Optom. 2018 Jul.

Abstract

Background: Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision disorder which often causes symptoms when doing near work. However, the best screening test for CI is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of common tests of binocular and accommodative function to identify children with CI in a school screening setting.

Methods: Children aged nine to 14 were invited to participate. Positive fusional vergences, near point of convergence (NPC), accommodative amplitude, accommodative facility, Modified Thorington, and the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey were evaluated.

Results: Of the 282 children tested, approximately 20 per cent had 2-3 signs of CI. One half of 2-3 signs of CI and 66 per cent of three signs of CI subjects were symptomatic. Approximately 61 per cent of subjects with symptomatic 2-3 signs of CI had an accompanying low accommodative amplitude. The largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was obtained using NPC break measurements. NPC break ≥ 6 cm for CI and NPC break ≥ 7 cm for symptomatic CI were the cut points that maximised the sum of sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusion: NPC break performed best in identifying children with CI.

Keywords: children; convergence insufficiency; near point of convergence; screening.

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Conflict of interest statement

DISCLOSURES

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percentages of children with convergence insufficiency and low amplitude of accommodation CI = Convergence insufficiency; AA = Amplitude of accommodation
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percentages of subjects classified with binocular or accommodative dysfunction, by symptom level
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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