Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Fails to Improve Four-Kilometer Cycling Time Trial Performance

doi:10.3390/nu10030342

Randomized Controlled Trial

. 2018 Mar 12;10(3):342.

doi: 10.3390/nu10030342.

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Fails to Improve Four-Kilometer Cycling Time Trial Performance

Flávio O Pires^{1

2}, Cayque Brietzke³, Fabiano A Pinheiro^{4

5}, Katherine Veras⁶, Eugênia C T de Mattos⁷, André L F Rodacki⁸, Carlos Ugrinowitsch⁹

Affiliations

¹ Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil. piresfo@usp.br.
² Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos 11015-020, Brazil. piresfo@usp.br.
³ Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil. cayquebbarreto@usp.br.
⁴ Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil. fapcor@hotmail.com.
⁵ School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil. fapcor@hotmail.com.
⁶ Integrated Group of Biotechnology, Lab Adipose Tissue Biology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo 05305-000, Brazil. katherine.veras@gmail.com.
⁷ Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná 80060-000, Brazil. eugeniamattos@hotmail.com.
⁸ Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná 80060-000, Brazil. rodacki@ufpr.br.
⁹ School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil. ugrinowitsch@gmail.com.

PMID: 29534507
PMCID: PMC5872760
DOI: 10.3390/nu10030342

Randomized Controlled Trial

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Fails to Improve Four-Kilometer Cycling Time Trial Performance

Flávio O Pires et al. Nutrients. 2018.

. 2018 Mar 12;10(3):342.

doi: 10.3390/nu10030342.

Authors

Flávio O Pires^{1

2}, Cayque Brietzke³, Fabiano A Pinheiro^{4

5}, Katherine Veras⁶, Eugênia C T de Mattos⁷, André L F Rodacki⁸, Carlos Ugrinowitsch⁹

Affiliations

¹ Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil. piresfo@usp.br.
² Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos 11015-020, Brazil. piresfo@usp.br.
³ Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil. cayquebbarreto@usp.br.
⁴ Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil. fapcor@hotmail.com.
⁵ School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil. fapcor@hotmail.com.
⁶ Integrated Group of Biotechnology, Lab Adipose Tissue Biology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo 05305-000, Brazil. katherine.veras@gmail.com.
⁷ Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná 80060-000, Brazil. eugeniamattos@hotmail.com.
⁸ Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná 80060-000, Brazil. rodacki@ufpr.br.
⁹ School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil. ugrinowitsch@gmail.com.

PMID: 29534507
PMCID: PMC5872760
DOI: 10.3390/nu10030342

Abstract

We investigated if a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse may attenuate global fatigue and improve 4-km cycling time trial (TT_4km) performance. After a preliminary session, cyclists (n = 9) performed a TT_4km after a CHO or placebo (PLA) mouth rinse. Mean power output, time, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout the TT_4km. Twitch interpolation responses (%VA; voluntary activation and ∆Tw; delta peak twitch torque) were compared pre and post TT_4km with traditional statistics and effect size (ES) analysis. Time-to-complete the 4 km and mean power output were comparable between CHO (386.4 ± 28.0 s) and PLA (385.4 ± 22.4 s). A lower central (p = 0.054) and peripheral (p = 0.02) fatigue in CHO than in PLA were suggested by an extremely-large ES in %VA (manipulation main effect: p = 0.052, d = 1.18; manipulation-by-time interaction effect: p = 0.08, d = 1.00) and an extremely, very-large ES in ∆Tw (manipulation main effect: p = 0.07, d = 0.97; time-by-manipulation interaction effect: p = 0.09, d = 0.89). The RPE increased slower in CHO than in PLA (p = 0.051; d = 0.7). The apparent reduction in global fatigue (central and peripheral) and RPE_SLOPE with only one CHO mouth rinse were not translated into improved TT_4km performance. Further tests may be required to verify if these likely differences in global fatigue might represent an edge in the short-lasting cycling time trial performance.

Keywords: central fatigue; peripheral fatigue; supplementation; twitch interpolation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Power output throughout the TT_4km in carbohydrate (filled circles) and placebo mouth rinse (open squares).

**Figure 2**
Torque responses measured before and after TT_4km in carbohydrate (filled circles) and placebo mouth rinse (open squares).

**Figure 3**
Twitch interpolation responses such as voluntary activation (panel A) and delta peak twitch torque (panel B) measured before and after TT_4km in carbohydrate (filled circles) and placebo mouth rinse (open squares).

**Figure 4**
RPE responses measured each 1 km during the TT_4km in carbohydrate (filled circles) and placebo mouth rinse (open squares).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Cited by

Carbohydrate mouth rinse failed to reduce central fatigue, lower perceived exertion, and improve performance during incremental exercise.
Pires FO, Pinheiro FA, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Veras K, de Matos ECT, Rodacki ALF, Ugrinowitsch C. Pires FO, et al. Front Nutr. 2024 Feb 20;11:1329074. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1329074. eCollection 2024. Front Nutr. 2024. PMID: 38445204 Free PMC article.
Reply to Li et al.: Comment on "Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling Time Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Pires FO. Brietzke C, et al. Sports Med. 2019 May;49(5):823-825. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01077-x. Sports Med. 2019. PMID: 30805911 No abstract available.
Comment on: "Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling Time Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
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Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Decreases Time to Complete a Simulated Cycling Time Trial.
Baltazar-Martins G, Del Coso J. Baltazar-Martins G, et al. Front Nutr. 2019 May 15;6:65. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00065. eCollection 2019. Front Nutr. 2019. PMID: 31157228 Free PMC article.

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References

1. Carter J.M., Jeukendrup A.E., Jones D.A. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004;36:2107–2111. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000147585.65709.6F. - DOI - PubMed
1. Lane S.C., Bird S.R., Burke L.M., Hawley J.A. Effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2013;38:134–139. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0300. - DOI - PubMed
1. Ataide-silva T., Ghiarone T., Bertuzzi R., Stathis C.G., Leandro C.G., Lima-silva A.E. Cho Mouth Rinse Ameliorates Neuromuscular Response with Lower Endogenous Cho Stores. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2016;48:1810–1820. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000973. - DOI - PubMed
1. Chambers E.S., Bridge M.W., Jones D.A. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: Effects on exercise performance and brain activity. J. Physiol. 2009;587:1779–1794. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164285. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Gant N., Stinear C.M., Byblow W.D. Carbohydrate in the mouth immediately facilitates motor output. Brain Res. 2010;1350:151–158. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.004. - DOI - PubMed

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[1] Carter J.M., Jeukendrup A.E., Jones D.A. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004;36:2107–2111. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000147585.65709.6F. - DOI - PubMed

[2] Carter J.M., Jeukendrup A.E., Jones D.A. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004;36:2107–2111. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000147585.65709.6F. - DOI - PubMed

[3] Lane S.C., Bird S.R., Burke L.M., Hawley J.A. Effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2013;38:134–139. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0300. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Lane S.C., Bird S.R., Burke L.M., Hawley J.A. Effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2013;38:134–139. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0300. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Ataide-silva T., Ghiarone T., Bertuzzi R., Stathis C.G., Leandro C.G., Lima-silva A.E. Cho Mouth Rinse Ameliorates Neuromuscular Response with Lower Endogenous Cho Stores. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2016;48:1810–1820. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000973. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Ataide-silva T., Ghiarone T., Bertuzzi R., Stathis C.G., Leandro C.G., Lima-silva A.E. Cho Mouth Rinse Ameliorates Neuromuscular Response with Lower Endogenous Cho Stores. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2016;48:1810–1820. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000973. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Chambers E.S., Bridge M.W., Jones D.A. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: Effects on exercise performance and brain activity. J. Physiol. 2009;587:1779–1794. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164285. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Chambers E.S., Bridge M.W., Jones D.A. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: Effects on exercise performance and brain activity. J. Physiol. 2009;587:1779–1794. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164285. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Gant N., Stinear C.M., Byblow W.D. Carbohydrate in the mouth immediately facilitates motor output. Brain Res. 2010;1350:151–158. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.004. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Gant N., Stinear C.M., Byblow W.D. Carbohydrate in the mouth immediately facilitates motor output. Brain Res. 2010;1350:151–158. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.004. - DOI - PubMed

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Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Fails to Improve Four-Kilometer Cycling Time Trial Performance

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Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Fails to Improve Four-Kilometer Cycling Time Trial Performance

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