Comment

. 2018 Mar 14;16(3):e2005075.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005075. eCollection 2018 Mar.

Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation

Scott A Thomson^{1

2}, Richard L Pyle^{3

4}, Shane T Ahyong^{5

6}, Miguel Alonso-Zarazaga^{4

7}, Joe Ammirati⁸, Juan Francisco Araya⁹, John S Ascher¹⁰, Tracy Lynn Audisio¹¹, Valter M Azevedo-Santos¹², Nicolas Bailly¹³, William J Baker¹⁴, Michael Balke¹⁵, Maxwell V L Barclay¹⁶, Russell L Barrett^{17

18}, Ricardo C Benine¹², James R M Bickerstaff¹⁹, Patrice Bouchard^{4

20}, Roger Bour²¹, Thierry Bourgoin^{4

21}, Christopher B Boyko^{22

23}, Abraham S H Breure^{24

25}, Denis J Brothers²⁶, James W Byng^{24

27}, David Campbell²⁸, Luis M P Ceríaco²⁹, István Cernák³⁰, Pierfilippo Cerretti³¹, Chih-Han Chang^{32

33}, Soowon Cho³⁴, Joshua M Copus³⁵, Mark J Costello³⁶, Andras Cseh³⁷, Csaba Csuzdi³⁸, Alastair Culham³⁹, Guillermo D'Elía⁴⁰, Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz²⁵, Mikhail E Daneliya⁴¹, René Dekker²⁴, Edward C Dickinson⁴², Timothy A Dickinson⁴³, Peter Paul van Dijk^{44

45}, Klaas-Douwe B Dijkstra²⁴, Bálint Dima^{46

47}, Dmitry A Dmitriev^{4

48}, Leni Duistermaat²⁴, John P Dumbacher⁴⁹, Wolf L Eiserhardt⁵⁰, Torbjørn Ekrem⁵¹, Neal L Evenhuis^{3

4}, Arnaud Faille⁵², José L Fernández-Triana²⁰, Emile Fiesler⁵³, Mark Fishbein⁵⁴, Barry G Fordham⁵⁵, André V L Freitas⁵⁶, Natália R Friol¹, Uwe Fritz⁵⁷, Tobias Frøslev⁵⁸, Vicki A Funk⁵⁹, Stephen D Gaimari⁶⁰, Guilherme S T Garbino⁶¹, André R S Garraffoni⁵⁶, József Geml²⁴, Anthony C Gill⁶², Alan Gray⁶³, Felipe G Grazziotin⁶⁴, Penelope Greenslade⁶⁵, Eliécer E Gutiérrez^{66

67}, Mark S Harvey^{4

68}, Cornelis J Hazevoet⁶⁹, Kai He⁷⁰, Xiaolan He⁷¹, Stephan Helfer⁷², Kristofer M Helgen⁷³, Anneke H van Heteren¹⁵, Francisco Hita Garcia¹¹, Norbert Holstein⁷⁴, Margit K Horváth⁷⁵, Peter H Hovenkamp²⁴, Wei Song Hwang⁷⁶, Jaakko Hyvönen^{47

71}, Melissa B Islam⁷⁷, John B Iverson⁷⁸, Michael A Ivie⁷⁹, Zeehan Jaafar¹⁰, Morgan D Jackson⁸⁰, J Pablo Jayat⁸¹, Norman F Johnson⁸², Hinrich Kaiser⁸³, Bente B Klitgård⁸⁴, Dániel G Knapp⁴⁶, Jun-Ichi Kojima^{4

85}, Urmas Kõljalg⁸⁶, Jenő Kontschán⁸⁷, Frank-Thorsten Krell^{4

88}, Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber⁸⁹, Sven Kullander^{4

90}, Leonardo Latella⁹¹, John E Lattke⁹², Valeria Lencioni⁹³, Gwilym P Lewis¹⁴, Marcos G Lhano⁹⁴, Nathan K Lujan⁹⁵, Jolanda A Luksenburg⁹⁶, Jean Mariaux^{97

98}, Jader Marinho-Filho⁹⁹, Christopher J Marshall¹⁰⁰, Jason F Mate¹⁰¹, Molly M McDonough¹⁰², Ellinor Michel^{16

103}, Vitor F O Miranda¹⁰⁴, Mircea-Dan Mitroiu¹⁰⁵, Jesús Molinari¹⁰⁶, Scott Monks^{107

108}, Abigail J Moore^{109

110}, Ricardo Moratelli¹¹¹, Dávid Murányi^{112

113}, Takafumi Nakano¹¹⁴, Svetlana Nikolaeva^{115

116}, John Noyes¹⁶, Michael Ohl¹¹⁷, Nora H Oleas¹¹⁸, Thomas Orrell¹¹⁹, Barna Páll-Gergely³⁷, Thomas Pape^{4

120}, Viktor Papp¹²¹, Lynne R Parenti¹⁰², David Patterson¹²², Igor Ya Pavlinov¹²³, Ronald H Pine¹²⁴, Péter Poczai¹²⁵, Jefferson Prado¹²⁶, Divakaran Prathapan¹²⁷, Richard K Rabeler¹²⁸, John E Randall³, Frank E Rheindt^{4

10}, Anders G J Rhodin^{129

130}, Sara M Rodríguez¹³¹, D Christopher Rogers¹³², Fabio de O Roque¹³³, Kevin C Rowe¹³⁴, Luis A Ruedas¹³⁵, Jorge Salazar-Bravo¹³⁶, Rodrigo B Salvador¹³⁷, George Sangster¹³⁸, Carlos E Sarmiento¹³⁹, Dmitry S Schigel¹⁴⁰, Stefan Schmidt¹⁵, Frederick W Schueler¹⁴¹, Hendrik Segers¹⁴², Neil Snow¹⁴³, Pedro G B Souza-Dias¹⁴⁴, Riaan Stals¹⁴⁵, Soili Stenroos⁷¹, R Douglas Stone²⁶, Charles F Sturm¹⁴⁶, Pavel Štys¹⁴⁷, Pablo Teta¹⁴⁸, Daniel C Thomas¹⁴⁹, Robert M Timm¹⁵⁰, Brian J Tindall^{103

151}, Jonathan A Todd¹¹⁵, Dagmar Triebel^{152

153}, Antonio G Valdecasas¹⁵⁴, Alfredo Vizzini^{155

156}, Maria S Vorontsova¹⁴, Jurriaan M de Vos¹⁵⁷, Philipp Wagner¹⁵⁸, Les Watling¹⁵⁹, Alan Weakley¹⁶⁰, Francisco Welter-Schultes^{161

4}, Daniel Whitmore¹⁶, Nicholas Wilding¹⁶², Kipling Will¹⁶³, Jason Williams²³, Karen Wilson¹⁶⁴, Judith E Winston^{4

165}, Wolfgang Wüster¹⁶⁶, Douglas Yanega^{4

167}, David K Yeates¹⁶⁸, Hussam Zaher¹, Guanyang Zhang¹⁶⁹, Zhi-Qiang Zhang^{170

171}, Hong-Zhang Zhou^{4

172}

Affiliations

¹ Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
² Chelonian Research Institute, Oviedo, Florida, United States of America.
³ Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Hawai'i, United States of America.
⁴ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Singapore.
⁵ Department of Marine Invertebrates, Australian Museum, New South Wales, Australia.
⁶ School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
⁷ Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
⁹ Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile, and Programa de Doctorado en Sistemática y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
¹⁰ Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
¹¹ Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.
¹² Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, IBB-UNESP Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹³ FishBase Information and Research Group, IRRI Campus, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
¹⁴ Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁵ Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, München, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁷ Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹⁸ College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹⁹ Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
²⁰ Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ontario, Canada.
²¹ Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.
²² Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States of America.
²³ Department of Biology, Hofstra University, New York, United States of America.
²⁴ Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
²⁵ Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
²⁶ School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
²⁷ Plant Gateway Ltd., Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
²⁸ Department of Natural Sciences, Gardner-Webb University, North Carolina, United States of America.
²⁹ Department of Biology, Villanova University, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
³⁰ Potato Research Center, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary.
³¹ Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
³² Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, United States of America.
³³ Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States of America.
³⁴ Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
³⁵ Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Hawai'i, United States of America.
³⁶ Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
³⁷ Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary.
³⁸ Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly University, Eger, Hungary.
³⁹ Herbarium, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.
⁴⁰ Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
⁴¹ Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴² Ornithological Nomenclature Expert.
⁴³ Green Plant Herbarium, Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁴ Nomenclature Specialist, CITES Animals Committee; Turtle Conservancy, New York, United States of America.
⁴⁵ Global Wildlife Conservation, Texas, United States of America.
⁴⁶ Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁴⁷ Department of Biosciences (Plant Biology), Viikki Plant Science Centre, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴⁸ Illinois Natural History Survey, Illinois, United States of America.
⁴⁹ Institute of Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
⁵⁰ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom.
⁵¹ NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
⁵² Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵³ Bioveyda Biodiversity Inventories and Research, California, United States of America.
⁵⁴ Department of Plant Biology, Ecology & Evolution and Herbarium, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, United States of America.
⁵⁵ Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
⁵⁶ Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁷ Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Dresden, Germany.
⁵⁸ Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵⁹ Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America.
⁶⁰ Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, California, United States of America.
⁶¹ PPG Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁶² Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁶³ Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Scotland, United Kingdom.
⁶⁴ Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Environmental Management, School of Applied and Biomedical Science, Federation University, Victoria, Australia.
⁶⁶ PPG Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
⁶⁷ National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America.
⁶⁸ Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Western Australia, Australia.
⁶⁹ Museu Nacional da História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁷⁰ The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁷¹ Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁷² Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
⁷³ School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
⁷⁴ Nees Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁷⁵ Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary.
⁷⁶ Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
⁷⁷ Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, Colorado, United States of America.
⁷⁸ Department of Biology, Earlham College, Indiana, United States of America.
⁷⁹ Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University, Montana, United States of America.
⁸⁰ School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
⁸¹ Instituto de Ambiente de Montaña y Regiones Áridas, Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, La Rioja, Argentina.
⁸² Martha N. and John C. Moser Chair in Arthropod Systematics and Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, Ohio, United States of America.
⁸³ Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, Victorville, California, United States of America.
⁸⁴ Identification and Naming Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom.
⁸⁵ Natural History Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan.
⁸⁶ Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
⁸⁷ Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
⁸⁸ Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado, United States of America.
⁸⁹ Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria.
⁹⁰ FishBase, Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹¹ Department of Zoology, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Verona, Verona, Italy.
⁹² Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
⁹³ Sezione di Zoologia degli Invertebrati e Idrobiologia, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze di Trento, Trento, Italy.
⁹⁴ Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil.
⁹⁵ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
⁹⁶ Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Virginia, United States of America.
⁹⁷ Natural History Museum of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹⁸ Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹⁹ Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State Arthropod Collection, Oregon State University, Oregon, United States of America.
¹⁰¹ Henares 16, Velilla de San Antonio, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁰² Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America.
¹⁰³ International Committee on Bionomenclature, Braunschweig, Germany.
¹⁰⁴ Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁰⁵ Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Iași, Romania.
¹⁰⁶ Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
¹⁰⁷ Laboratorio de Morfología Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo, México.
¹⁰⁸ H.W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
¹⁰⁹ Robert Bebb Herbarium (OKL), University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America.
¹¹⁰ Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America.
¹¹¹ Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹¹² Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
¹¹³ Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
¹¹⁴ Department of Science Education, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
¹¹⁵ Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁶ Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya, Russia.
¹¹⁷ Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions-und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany.
¹¹⁸ Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador.
¹¹⁹ Integrated Taxonomic Information System, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America.
¹²⁰ Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹²¹ Department of Botany, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹²² University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
¹²³ Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
¹²⁴ Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Kansas, United States of America.
¹²⁵ CITES Scientific Authority, Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹²⁶ Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹²⁷ Department of Entomology, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India.
¹²⁸ University of Michigan Herbarium EEB, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
¹²⁹ Chelonian Research Foundation, Massachusetts, United States of America.
¹³⁰ Turtle Conservancy, New York, United States of America.
¹³¹ Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
¹³² Kansas Biological Survey and the Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Kansas, United States of America.
¹³³ Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
¹³⁴ Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, Victoria, Australia.
¹³⁵ Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology, Portland State University, Oregon, United States of America.
¹³⁶ Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas, United States of America.
¹³⁷ Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
¹³⁸ Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹³⁹ Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹⁴⁰ Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁴¹ Fragile Inheritance Natural History, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁴² National Focal Point to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
¹⁴³ Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Kansas, United States of America.
¹⁴⁴ Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁴⁵ Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, South African National Collection of Insects, Queenswood, South Africa.
¹⁴⁶ Section of Mollusks, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁴⁸ Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁴⁹ National Parks Board, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Kansas, United States of America.
¹⁵¹ Judicial Commission on Prokaryote Nomenclature, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁵² Botanische Staatssammlung München and SNSB IT Center, Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, München, Germany.
¹⁵³ Permanent ICN Nomenclature Committee for Fungi, International Mycological Association.
¹⁵⁴ Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁵⁵ Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
¹⁵⁶ Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante sez. di Torino, CNR, Torino, Italy.
¹⁵⁷ Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁵⁸ Allwetterzoo Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hawai'i, United States of America.
¹⁶⁰ UNC Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
¹⁶¹ Abteilung Morphologie und Systematik der Tiere und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
¹⁶² Unité Mixte de Recherche, Peuplements Végétaux et Bioaggresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Université de La Réunion, Ile de La Réunion, France.
¹⁶³ Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
¹⁶⁴ General Committee for Nomenclature [for algae, fungi and plants], Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, New South Wales, Australia.
¹⁶⁵ Smithsonian Marine Station, Florida, United States of America.
¹⁶⁶ Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.
¹⁶⁷ Department of Entomology, Entomology Research Museum, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America.
¹⁶⁸ Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹⁶⁹ School of Life Sciences, Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Hasbrouck Insect Collection, Arizona State University, Arizona, United States of America.
¹⁷⁰ Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁷¹ School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁷² Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, P. R. China.

PMID: 29538381
PMCID: PMC5851535
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005075

Comment

Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation

Scott A Thomson et al. PLoS Biol. 2018.

. 2018 Mar 14;16(3):e2005075.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005075. eCollection 2018 Mar.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
² Chelonian Research Institute, Oviedo, Florida, United States of America.
³ Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Hawai'i, United States of America.
⁴ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Singapore.
⁵ Department of Marine Invertebrates, Australian Museum, New South Wales, Australia.
⁶ School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
⁷ Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
⁹ Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile, and Programa de Doctorado en Sistemática y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
¹⁰ Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
¹¹ Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.
¹² Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, IBB-UNESP Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹³ FishBase Information and Research Group, IRRI Campus, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
¹⁴ Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁵ Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, München, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁷ Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹⁸ College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹⁹ Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
²⁰ Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ontario, Canada.
²¹ Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.
²² Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States of America.
²³ Department of Biology, Hofstra University, New York, United States of America.
²⁴ Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
²⁵ Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
²⁶ School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
²⁷ Plant Gateway Ltd., Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
²⁸ Department of Natural Sciences, Gardner-Webb University, North Carolina, United States of America.
²⁹ Department of Biology, Villanova University, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
³⁰ Potato Research Center, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary.
³¹ Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
³² Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, United States of America.
³³ Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States of America.
³⁴ Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
³⁵ Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Hawai'i, United States of America.
³⁶ Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
³⁷ Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary.
³⁸ Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly University, Eger, Hungary.
³⁹ Herbarium, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.
⁴⁰ Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
⁴¹ Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴² Ornithological Nomenclature Expert.
⁴³ Green Plant Herbarium, Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁴ Nomenclature Specialist, CITES Animals Committee; Turtle Conservancy, New York, United States of America.
⁴⁵ Global Wildlife Conservation, Texas, United States of America.
⁴⁶ Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁴⁷ Department of Biosciences (Plant Biology), Viikki Plant Science Centre, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴⁸ Illinois Natural History Survey, Illinois, United States of America.
⁴⁹ Institute of Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
⁵⁰ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom.
⁵¹ NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
⁵² Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵³ Bioveyda Biodiversity Inventories and Research, California, United States of America.
⁵⁴ Department of Plant Biology, Ecology & Evolution and Herbarium, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, United States of America.
⁵⁵ Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
⁵⁶ Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁷ Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Dresden, Germany.
⁵⁸ Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵⁹ Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America.
⁶⁰ Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, California, United States of America.
⁶¹ PPG Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁶² Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁶³ Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Scotland, United Kingdom.
⁶⁴ Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Environmental Management, School of Applied and Biomedical Science, Federation University, Victoria, Australia.
⁶⁶ PPG Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
⁶⁷ National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America.
⁶⁸ Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Western Australia, Australia.
⁶⁹ Museu Nacional da História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁷⁰ The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁷¹ Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁷² Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
⁷³ School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
⁷⁴ Nees Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁷⁵ Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary.
⁷⁶ Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
⁷⁷ Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, Colorado, United States of America.
⁷⁸ Department of Biology, Earlham College, Indiana, United States of America.
⁷⁹ Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University, Montana, United States of America.
⁸⁰ School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
⁸¹ Instituto de Ambiente de Montaña y Regiones Áridas, Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, La Rioja, Argentina.
⁸² Martha N. and John C. Moser Chair in Arthropod Systematics and Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University, Ohio, United States of America.
⁸³ Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, Victorville, California, United States of America.
⁸⁴ Identification and Naming Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom.
⁸⁵ Natural History Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan.
⁸⁶ Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
⁸⁷ Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
⁸⁸ Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado, United States of America.
⁸⁹ Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria.
⁹⁰ FishBase, Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹¹ Department of Zoology, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Verona, Verona, Italy.
⁹² Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
⁹³ Sezione di Zoologia degli Invertebrati e Idrobiologia, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze di Trento, Trento, Italy.
⁹⁴ Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil.
⁹⁵ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
⁹⁶ Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Virginia, United States of America.
⁹⁷ Natural History Museum of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹⁸ Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹⁹ Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State Arthropod Collection, Oregon State University, Oregon, United States of America.
¹⁰¹ Henares 16, Velilla de San Antonio, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁰² Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America.
¹⁰³ International Committee on Bionomenclature, Braunschweig, Germany.
¹⁰⁴ Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁰⁵ Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Iași, Romania.
¹⁰⁶ Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
¹⁰⁷ Laboratorio de Morfología Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo, México.
¹⁰⁸ H.W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
¹⁰⁹ Robert Bebb Herbarium (OKL), University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America.
¹¹⁰ Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America.
¹¹¹ Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹¹² Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
¹¹³ Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
¹¹⁴ Department of Science Education, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
¹¹⁵ Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁶ Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya, Russia.
¹¹⁷ Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions-und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany.
¹¹⁸ Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador.
¹¹⁹ Integrated Taxonomic Information System, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America.
¹²⁰ Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹²¹ Department of Botany, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹²² University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
¹²³ Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
¹²⁴ Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Kansas, United States of America.
¹²⁵ CITES Scientific Authority, Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹²⁶ Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹²⁷ Department of Entomology, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India.
¹²⁸ University of Michigan Herbarium EEB, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
¹²⁹ Chelonian Research Foundation, Massachusetts, United States of America.
¹³⁰ Turtle Conservancy, New York, United States of America.
¹³¹ Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
¹³² Kansas Biological Survey and the Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Kansas, United States of America.
¹³³ Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
¹³⁴ Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, Victoria, Australia.
¹³⁵ Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology, Portland State University, Oregon, United States of America.
¹³⁶ Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas, United States of America.
¹³⁷ Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
¹³⁸ Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹³⁹ Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹⁴⁰ Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁴¹ Fragile Inheritance Natural History, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁴² National Focal Point to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
¹⁴³ Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Kansas, United States of America.
¹⁴⁴ Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁴⁵ Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, South African National Collection of Insects, Queenswood, South Africa.
¹⁴⁶ Section of Mollusks, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁴⁸ Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁴⁹ National Parks Board, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Kansas, United States of America.
¹⁵¹ Judicial Commission on Prokaryote Nomenclature, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁵² Botanische Staatssammlung München and SNSB IT Center, Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, München, Germany.
¹⁵³ Permanent ICN Nomenclature Committee for Fungi, International Mycological Association.
¹⁵⁴ Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁵⁵ Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
¹⁵⁶ Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante sez. di Torino, CNR, Torino, Italy.
¹⁵⁷ Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁵⁸ Allwetterzoo Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hawai'i, United States of America.
¹⁶⁰ UNC Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
¹⁶¹ Abteilung Morphologie und Systematik der Tiere und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
¹⁶² Unité Mixte de Recherche, Peuplements Végétaux et Bioaggresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Université de La Réunion, Ile de La Réunion, France.
¹⁶³ Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
¹⁶⁴ General Committee for Nomenclature [for algae, fungi and plants], Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, New South Wales, Australia.
¹⁶⁵ Smithsonian Marine Station, Florida, United States of America.
¹⁶⁶ Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.
¹⁶⁷ Department of Entomology, Entomology Research Museum, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America.
¹⁶⁸ Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹⁶⁹ School of Life Sciences, Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Hasbrouck Insect Collection, Arizona State University, Arizona, United States of America.
¹⁷⁰ Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁷¹ School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁷² Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, P. R. China.

PMID: 29538381
PMCID: PMC5851535
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005075

No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

**Fig 1. Nomenclature and taxonomy intersect objectively only at the type specimen, as designated through rules established by nomenclatural codes to anchor scientific names to the biological world.**

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Science-based taxonomy still needs better governance: Response to Thomson et al.
Garnett ST, Christidis L. Garnett ST, et al. PLoS Biol. 2018 Mar 14;16(3):e2005249. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005249. eCollection 2018 Mar. PLoS Biol. 2018. PMID: 29538369 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Comment on

Taxonomy anarchy hampers conservation.
Garnett ST, Christidis L. Garnett ST, et al. Nature. 2017 May 31;546(7656):25-27. doi: 10.1038/546025a. Nature. 2017. PMID: 28569833 No abstract available.

References

1. Garnett ST, Christidis L. Taxonomy anarchy hampers conservation. Nature. 2017;546(7656):25–27. doi: 10.1038/546025a - DOI - PubMed
1. Raposo MA, Stopiglia R, Brito GRR, Bockmann FA, Kirwan GM, Gayon J, Dubois A. What really hampers taxonomy and conservation? A riposte to Garnett and Christidis (2017). Zootaxa, 2017;4317(1), pp.179–184.
1. Holstein N. and Luebert F., 2017. Taxonomy: stable taxon boundaries. Nature, 548(7666), pp.158–158. - PubMed
1. Cotterill FP., Groves CP., Taylor PJ., 2017. Taxonomy: refine rather than stabilize. Nature, 547(7662), pp.162–162. - PubMed
1. Jackson MD, Scherz MD, Zona S. 2017. Taxonomy is not beholden to its dependencies: a rebuttal to Garnett and Christidis (2017) PeerJ Preprints 5:e3060v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3060v1 - DOI

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Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation

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Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation

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