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. 2018 Mar 15;13(3):e0193626.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193626. eCollection 2018.

Genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Veracruz, Mexico

Daniela Munro-Rojas  1   2 , Esdras Fernandez-Morales  1   3 , José Zarrabal-Meza  4 , Ma Teresa Martínez-Cazares  4 , Aurora Parissi-Crivelli  4 , Javier Fuentes-Domínguez  5 , Marie Nancy Séraphin  6 , Michael Lauzardo  6 , Jorge Alberto González-Y-Merchand  7 , Sandra Rivera-Gutierrez  7 , Roberto Zenteno-Cuevas  1
Affiliations

Genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Veracruz, Mexico

Daniela Munro-Rojas et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: Mexico is one of the most important contributors of drug and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Latin America; however, knowledge of the genetic diversity of drug-resistant tuberculosis isolates is limited.

Methods: In this study, the genetic structure of 112 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from the southeastern Mexico was determined by spoligotyping and 24-loci MIRU-VNTRs.

Findings: The results show eight major lineages, the most of which was T1 (24%), followed by LAM (16%) and H (15%). A total of 29 (25%) isolates were identified as orphan. The most abundant SITs were SIT53/T1 and SIT42/LAM9 with 10 isolates each and SIT50/H3 with eight isolates. Fifty-two spoligotype patterns, twenty-seven clusters and ten clonal complexes were observed, demonstrating an important genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis isolates in circulation and transmission level of these aggravated forms of tuberculosis. Being defined as orphan or as part of an orphan cluster, was a risk factor for multidrug resistant-tuberculosis (OR 2.5, IC 1.05-5.86 and OR 3.3, IC 1-11.03, respectively). Multiple correspondence analyses showed association of some clusters and SITs with specific geographical locations.

Conclusions: Our study provides one of the most detailed description of the genetic structure of drug and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains in southeast Mexico, establishing for the first time a baseline of the genotypes observed in resistant isolates circulating, however further studies are required to better elucidate the genetic structure of tuberculosis in region and the factors that could be participating in their dispersion.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Distribution of the geographical zones, jurisdictions and lineages included in Veracruz, Mexico.
North Zone (NZ): Panuco, Tuxpan, Poza Rica, Martínez de la Torre. Central Zone (CZ):Xalapa, Córdoba, Orizaba, Veracruz. South Zone (SZ): Cosamaloapan, San Andrés Tuxtla, Coatzacoalcos.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Groups according to SIT/lineage and cluster formation on drug (DR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB isolates from Veracruz, Mexico.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Characteristics of clusters observed by the UPGMA algorithm in isolates from Veracruz, Mexico.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Tree polar arrangement dendogram, from DR and MDR isolates of Veracruz, Mexico.
Fig 5
Fig 5
Graph of points by category of multiple correspondence analyses of the variables, age, jurisdiction, resistance profile, gender and; a) Clusters and b) SITs of the 112 isolates of drug-resistant TB analyzed.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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